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ВАРИАНТ №1

Лексика

1. Выберите слово, близкое по значению к данному. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

1.important a) significant b) pompous c) material

2. social a) timeless b) fixed c) public

3. a discussion a) contract b) debate c) disadvantage

4. a negotiation a) meeting b) data c) conversation 5. organized a) equipped b) orderly c) ingrained

2. Выберите слово, противоположное по значению к данному.Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

6.to realize a) to think over b) to understand c) to be unaware of

7. hard a) correlated b) easy c) appropriate

8. to organize a) to set up b) to pull down c) to set up

9. ltd a) Plc b) sole proprietor c) partnership

10.to sign a contract a) to draw up b) to extend c) to break

3. Выберите английское словосочетание, соответствующее русскому. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

11.крепко пожать кому-то руку a) to invade someone’s personal space

12.уважать старших b) to avoid conversational overlap

13.вторгаться в чьё-либо личное пространство c) to give someone a firm handshaking

14.быть под запретом d) to respect seniority

15.стараться не говорить одновременно e) to beat a boo against something

4. Выберите характерную особенность указанных стран. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.

16. Australia a) People pride themselves on being highly organized.

17. China b) Drawing attention to yourself as an individual is a huge no-no.

18. Germany c) People take off their shoes before entering someone’s home.

19. Great Britain d) It’s a continent as well as a country.

20. Japan e) One of the most popular team sports was born there.

Грамматика

5.Выберите из правого столбца соответствующую грамматическую форму английского глагола to prepare (cоставлять). Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.

21. Будучи юристом, он часто составляет договоры. a) will be preparing

22. Пожалуйста, зайди позже, я составляю срочный договор. b) am preparing

23.На прошлой неделе он составил очень важный договор. c) had prepared

24.Завтра к 12 он составит договор о совместных действиях. d) has been preparing

25. Когда шеф зашел за документами, юрист составлял договор

уже 2 часа. e) prepares

26. Завтра он составит договор и сможет отдохнуть. f) prepared

27. Он составляет договоры уже целый год, но не может сказать,

что делает это профессионально. g) was preparing

28. Когда я позвонил, он cоставлял договор для нашего шефа. h) will have been preparing

29. Завтра в 2 он не придет на собрание, он будет готовить

очень важный договор. i) had been preparing

30. Он только что подготовил контракт. j) will have prepared

31. К тому времени, как я зайду за ним, он будет готовить

контракт уже 3 часа. k) will prepare

32. Когда шеф позвонил, чтобы узнать о ходе работы над

контрактом, юрист уже подготовил его. l) has just prepared

6. Выберите правильный вариант модального глагола. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант в лист ответов.

33. You …sometimes invite your partners to the annual meetings.

a) should b) are allowed c) will be able

34. Yesterday he … to stay longer to finish his report.

a) could b) may c) had

35. Only you, and nobody else … decide how to perform your work.

a) were able b) ought c) must

36. She … do this urgent work yesterday, but decided to postponed it.

a) must b) could c)will be allowed

37. …you ……to send the confidential documents via e-mail?

a) will be allowed b) might c) can

38. You … do this work when you are free.

a) had b) may c) are able

7. Подберите к первой части условных предложений (из первого столбика) их окончание (из второго столбика). Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

39. If you want to communicate with your a) if I spoke Italian.

partner without any intermediary

40. If I had accepted that promotion b) if you had taken your phone.

41. I would be representing our company

in Italy c) you will have to learn his/ her language.

42. We would phone them to ask their address d) if their interests coincide.

43. Two companies want to work together e) I would have worked in Poland.

Чтение

8. Прочитайте текст. Выберите правильные варианты ответов на вопросы. Внесите их в лист ответов.

International Etiquette for Businesspeople

Respecting local customs is a crucial aspect of international etiquette

First of all, there is no such thing as a comprehensive and universally valid set of business etiquette rules, as every country in the world has its own unwritten code. Below you can find some essential basic guidelines on social interaction in a multi-national business context that will help you avoid the pitfalls of international etiquette.

Avoid Embarrassment

Even tiny mistakes in international etiquette can have a negative effect on your career. They may be interpreted as a significant lack of manners and can put an abrupt end to your business abroad. To your business partners, you will appear uninformed or downright rude, and you might jeopardize your business deal if you do not take the time to research social customs beforehand. Etiquette is no randomly assembled set of rules but has its firm grounding in the culture of the respective country. For example, if you are aware of the concept of “face” in many Asian cultures, you will know what implications it has for business conduct: If you want to be respected by your Asian contacts, never “lose face” yourself and by all means avoid causing your potential business partners to “lose face”. This is how cultural awareness can help your career.

Personal Space

Respecting other people’s personal space is a crucial aspect of international etiquette, even in business. It is important to keep in mind that there are significant differences between cultures and between genders. Although it is almost impossible to go wrong with a handshake, it’s always a good idea to hold back when in doubt. By observing your environment closely, you will learn quickly where people draw the line between cordiality and intrusiveness. You need to learn not to cross that line.

Business Cards

In most Western countries, business cards serve a purely informational purpose. However, in other parts of the world, international etiquette dictates that business cards must be treated with the utmost respect. In Arab and some Asian countries, it is important never to use your left hand to receive a business card, as this hand is reserved for personal hygiene. In other Asian countries you give or receive business cards with both hands, often accompanied by a small bow. As a general rule, try to treat everything, including business cards, you receive from your business partners with respect, no matter whether these items hold a lot of significance in your home country or not. It may seem trivial to you, but it can make or break a business deal. Our article on cultural differences in international business and international business culture provides some information on the subject of international etiquette connected with Brazil.

Communication Styles

Many senior and middle ranking Brazilian business executives speak excellent English and in fact many of them may have studied abroad in the USA or Europe. However, English is by no means universally spoken and when dealing with people outside the major commercial centres, an ability to speak Brazilian Portuguese is extremely useful. Try to avoid using Spanish as this can be seen as culturally insensitive. Brazilians are proud of their uniqueness in South America as non- Spanish speakers.

Dress code

Appearance is extremely important in Brazil and it’s vital that you look your smartest. Men are best advised to wear conservative dark suits and traditionally three-piece suits have indicated an executive position whereas two-piece suits have indicated office worker status. Women tend to be less conservative in their dress sense at the office than women from many other countries. They ‘dress to impress’ and are more flamboyant than in many other countries.

44. The text states that:

a) every country has a unique set of rules for business etiquette

b) business etiquette is a universal thing

c) business etiquette is no longer valid

45. Business people need a basic understanding of international etiquette because:

a) it’s interesting

b) it will help them avoid pitfalls

c)it’s universal thing for them

46. Business people should avoid embarrassment because:

a) they will be laughed at

b) they won’t be lucky

c) they may jeopardize their business deal

47. Business cards should be taken by a businessman with:

a) left hand

b) curtsy

c) respect

48. Living In South America Brazilians are proud of their uniqueness because:

a) they are non-Spanish speakers

b) they know English well

c) many of them study in the USA or Europe

49. The executive position of a person in a Brazilian company can be identified because they wear:

a) casual clothes

b) two-piece suits

c) tree-piece suits

50. Brazilian women are less conservative in their dress code and wear:

a) flamboyant clothes

b) T-shirts

c) cocktail dresses

9. Переведите письменно 2, 3, 4, абзацы текста.

ВАРИАНТ №2

Лексика

1. Выберите слово, близкое по значению к данному. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

1.to negotiate a) change b) parley c) order

2. to organize a) fix b) discuss c) arrange

3. an agreement a) convention b) society c) disadvantage

4. developed a) agreed b) organized c) mature 5. innovative a) progressive b) secular c) important

2. Выберите слово, противоположное по значению к данному. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

6. freedom a) latitude b) liberty c) bondage

7. compliance a) dissent b) assent c) approval

8. introduction a) entry b) ingoing c) conclusion

9. enterprising a) sly b) passive c) pushing

10. weak a) slack b) feeble c) powerful

3. Выберите английское словосочетание, соответствующее русскому. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

11проявить заинтересованность в ком-то/чем-то a) to resolve differences

12.терпимо относиться к различиям b) to view somebody’s behavior as insulting

13.рассматривать чье-то поведение как оскорбительное c) to look fixedly into someone’s eyes

14 преодолевать разногласия d) to show interest toward somebody

15.пристально смотреть кому-то в глаза e)to be tolerant of diversity

4.Выберите характерную особенность указанных стран. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант в лист ответов.

16. Australia a) Shoes are never worn in someone’s home.

17. China b) They respect their customs and traditions and observe them.

18. Germany c) Two exotic animals are presented in their national emblem.

19. Great Britain d) Insist on paying for the meal although your host will refuse the offer.

20. Japan e) It’s second most popular country for immigrants after the USA.

Грамматика

5.Выберите из правого столбца соответствующую грамматическую форму английского глагола to tak epart (принимать участие). Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант в лист ответов.

21. Я устал его ждать, он участвует в этом обсуждении уже

Целый час. a) will take part

22. Его нет на месте, сейчас он участвует в митинге. b) took part

23. Завтра он будет участвовать в выборах Совета директоров. c) has taken part

24. Давайте пошлем его, он уже участвовал в подобном

мероприятии. d) will have been taking part

25. Вчера он впервые принял участие в манифестации. e) will be taking part

26. Он часто участвует в различных политических дебатах. f) had taken part

27. Когда я зашел за ним, он уже принял участие в выборах

членов комитета и был готов идти со мной. g) had been taking part

28. Вчера с 10 до 12 мы участвовали в обсуждении проекта. h) has been taking part

29. Завтра не получиться встретиться, я буду участвовать

в благотворительном вечере с 18 до 21. i) takes part

30. К моему возвращению, они будут принимать участие

в голосовании уже целый час. j) will have taken part

31. Уже 3 часа мы участвовали в выборах Совета директоров,

когда он заехал за мной. k) is taking part

32. К концу рабочего дня уже они примут участие в выборах

Совета директоров. l) were taking part

33. You …. think over all details of the contract.

a)have b) must c) are able

34. You ……..to use these confidential figures in your account.

a) will be allowed b) must c) can

35. She … ask the permission to use this material in her message.

a) will be able b) should c) have

36. We …perform the presentation on time.

a) had b) ought c) can

37.They …… to organize the staff and make them work.

a) could b) might c) were able

38. I … to invite an interpreter to the negotiation.

a) had b) must c) should

39. I would inform him about the conference a) you will lose the potential partner.

40. If our boss had given the task to me not you b) if you follow generally accepted rules.

41. She would go to London for business trip c) if I knew his e-mail.

42. If you don’t hurry with the document d) if she had learned English not German.

43. You are respected e) I would have done it better.

Чтение

8. Прочитайте текст. Выберите правильные варианты ответов на вопросы. Внесите их в лист ответов.

Intercultural Competence

Intercultural competence is of crucial importance in our interconnected world. If you’ve ever traveled abroad, you may have felt out of your depth when you first arrived. The people around you may have looked, spoken, and acted in a very different way than in your home country. Some people take days or even weeks to get over the initial culture shock. Others seem to quickly adapt to this new situation. They talk to the locals with ease, even if they don’t fully understand everything around them.

This ability is defined in a number of ways but generally, it is the ability to interact well with people from different cultures or backgrounds and behave in appropriate ways with those who are culturally different. It is also the ability to co-create shared spaces, teams, and organizations that are inclusive, effective, innovative, and satisfying. Cultural competency is vitally important to effectiveness in a variety of areas including healthcare, education, public services, libraries, customer service, and other business functions.

With the spread of globalization, this has become more important for businesses and organizations that are growing into overseas markets. Companies that fail to understand the beliefs, language, and habits of people in other countries may end up embarrassing themselves or unintentionally offending their customers. A good example of this is Pepsi’s initial marketing blunder when it first entered the Chinese market. Pepsi decided to use a Chinese slogan for its soft drink. This was supposed to say, “Pepsi – Brings you back to life”. Unfortunately, the translators at Pepsi didn’t appreciate the subtle differences in the exact meaning of the words they chose. The new slogan actually translated as “Pepsi – Brings your dead ancestors back from the grave”. This shows how companies need to be careful with language.

Intercultural competence is also vital for an international company’s employees to work together. Employees on a team are often separated not only by vast distances but also different cultural beliefs. For this reason, every employee on the team needs to be interculturally competent in order to successfully achieve a common goal. Everyone needs to be sensitive towards different communication and work styles. For example, some employees in certain cultures can handle direct criticism better than others. Employees from some cultural backgrounds will feel more comfortable taking the initiative when unexpected problems occur. Others would be more likely to consult a manager before trying to resolve these issues by themselves. Managers might find it challenging to make a team from different cultures work well together. It takes a patient and skilled person to do this job. As a result, international companies tend to promote those who show an ability and willingness to be open-minded towards employees from other cultures.

44. The phrase 'out of your depth' in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

a) out of control

b) very confident

c) terribly happy

d) overwhelmed

45. According to the article, what is intercultural competence?

a) the ability to communicate well with your friends and family

b) the ability to disconnect from people from different cultures or backgrounds

c) the ability to communicate well with people from different cultures or backgrounds

d) the ability to teach people from different cultures or backgrounds about your own culture

46. The word 'this' in paragraph 2 refers to

a) globalization

b) different culture

c) an overseas market

d) intercultural competence

47. The word 'blunder' in paragraph 2 can be replaced by

a) mistake

b) expansion

c) advertisement

d) translation

48. The word 'sensitive' in paragraph 3 can be replaced by

a) fragile

b) secretive

c) defensive

d) appreciative

49. The phrase 'taking the initiative' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

a) waiting patiently

b) acting independently

c) complaining repeatedly

d) immediately give up

50. The word 'open-minded' in paragraph 4 can be replaced by

a) tolerant

b) rude

c) polite

d) initiative

9. Переведите письменно 2, 3, 4, абзацы текста.

ВАРИАНТ № 3

Лексика

1. Выберите слово, близкое по значению к данному. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

1.advanced a) leading b) useful c) open

2. an election a) exhibition b) return c) presentation

3. free a) rough b) spare c) uneven

4. general a) ordinary b) useless c) isolated 5. to proceed a) stop b) proclaim c) operate

2. Выберите слово, противоположное по значению к данному. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

6. accession a) assumption b) entry c) dismissal

7. durable a) long-term b) terminable c) lasting

8. blueblood a) commoner b) patrician c) nobleman

9. community a) loneliness b) fellowship c) network

10.competition a)contention b) monocracy c) rivalry

3. Выберите английское словосочетание, соответствующее русскому. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

11.обменяться рукопожатием a) to cause embarrassment

12.первым подать кому-то руку b) to avoid some subject

13.вызвать неловкость c) to exchange handshaking

14 избегать обсуждения какой-то темы d) to interrupt somebody

15.перебивать кого-либо e) to initiate a handshake

4.Выберите характерную особенность указанных стран. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.

16. China a) There is no tipping in any situation

17. Germany b) The head of the family or honored guest is served first.

18. Great Britain c) A respect for rules and laws goes without saying.

19. Japan d) Eating the last piece of food from the serving tray is considered to be impolite.

20.Turkey e) Weather is the usual topic to start conversation.

Грамматика

5.Выберите из правого столбца соответствующую грамматическую форму английского глагола to make a report (выступить с докладом). Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант в лист ответов.

21. Он часто выступает с докладами о межкультурных

особенностях. a) has made

22.Не входите в зал, он выступает с докладом.. b) had been making

23. Вчера он с успехом выступил на Совете директоров. c) will have made

24. Вчера он выступал с докладом на Совете директоров

с 14 до 15. d) will be making

25. Он выступает с одним и тем же докладом уже месяц. e) will have been making

26. Поздравьте его, он только что выступил с очень интересным

докладом на международной конференции. f) has been making

27. Завтра он выступит с докладом на встрече с партнерами. g) was making

28.Когда я заехал за ним, он уже выступил с докладом. h) is making

29. Когда я заглянула в зал, он как раз выступал с докладом уже

20 минут. i) had made

30. Завтра к 6 часам он уже выступит с докладом и будет

свободен. j) will make

31. Завтра в 14 часов он будет выступать с докладом

о работе отдела . k) made

32. К тому времени, как я вернусь в офис , он будет выступать

с докладом уже полчаса. l) makes

6. Выберите правильный вариант модального глагола. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.

33. They ……to motivate their staff to work overtime.

a)can b) must c) will be able

34. You …be punctual and more responsible.

a) have b) ought с) should

35. She … to goto cross-cultural course to learn more about etiquette.

a) should b) had c) can

36. You … work at such a messy table.

a) mustn’t b) are not allowed c) are not able

37. He … stimulate and organize his department to do this extra job.

a) will be able b) can c) has

38. She … be off work while being ill.

a) may b) is allowed c) ought

39. If I had enough time a) I would have got some bonus.

40. If I had learned English harder b) if I have time.

41. I’ll send you a project of agreement c) if you are an honest person.

42. You don’t want to deal with deceivers d) I would finish these reports today.

43. If I had done my previous work well e) I would translate the documents without any help.

Чтение

8. Прочитайте текст. Выберите правильные варианты ответов на вопросы. Внесите их в лист ответов.

World Refugee Day

Forced displacement has reached unprecedented levels, with more than 65 million people uprooted from their homes globally. New and recurring conflicts, and ever-more disturbing forms of violence and persecution, are driving people to flee in search of safety within their own countries, or to cross international borders as asylum seekers or refugees. Others are living in long-term exile, as solutions to protracted

conflicts remain elusive. At the end of 2015, there were 21.3 million refugees, 3.2 million people in the process of seeking asylum, and 40.8 million people internally displaced within their own countries.

World Refugee Day is held on June 20 each year. This day was arranged by the United Nations General Assembly. It is a day to raise awareness about the difficult situations that refugees are in around the world. It was first held on June 20 in 2001. The UN chose to do this because 50 years earlier an agreement about what rights refugees have was made.

To mark this day, many countries hold events. In fact, there are different events in more than 100 countries. Famous people, members of governments, aid workers and refugees participate in these events. At some events, films are played to show how refugees have to live and the terrible conditions they are in. Some people write letters to their government. They ask for more help for the refugees. Other people who want to see changes to how refugees are treated hold protests. These people are usually called activists.

The UN Refugee Agency is involved in this day. Their logo is associated with World Refugee Day. The logo has two olive branches which symbolize peace. Inside the two branches are two hands. They are surrounding the figure of a person. The two hands are protecting the person. The pictures on the logo are usually in blue on a white background, but sometimes they are white on a blue background.

World Refugee Day is a moment for taking stock of the devastating impact of war and persecution on the lives of those forced to flee, and honoring their courage and resilience. It is also a moment for paying tribute to the communities and States that receive and host them, often in remote border regions affected by poverty, instability and underdevelopment, and beyond the gaze of international attention. Nine out of ten refugees are today living in poor and middle income countries close to situations of conflict.

Last year, more than 1 million refugees and migrants arrived in Europe across the Mediterranean, in unseaworthy dinghies and flimsy boats. Thousands did not make it — tragic testimony to our collective failure to properly address their plight. Meanwhile, divisive political rhetoric on asylum and migration issues, rising xenophobia, and restrictions on access to asylum have become increasingly visible in certain regions, and the spirit of shared responsibility has been replaced by a hate-filled narrative of intolerance. We see a worrisome increase in the use of detention and in the construction of fences and other barriers.

With anti-refugee rhetoric so loud, it is sometimes difficult to hear the voices of welcome. But these do exist, all around the world. In the past year, in many countries and regions, we have witnessed an extraordinary outpouring of compassion and solidarity, as ordinary people and communities have opened their homes and their hearts to refugees, and States have welcomed new arrivals even while already hosting large numbers of refugees. There is an urgent need to build on and amplify these positive examples.

44. According to the article, when is World Refugee Day?

a) on June 19

b) on June 20

c) on June 21

d) on June 22

45. The word 'agreement' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:

a) difference

b) arrangement

c) argument

d) admission

46. According to the article, when was the first World Refugee Day held?

a) in 2001

b) in 2002

c) in 2003

d) in 2004

47. According to the article, what are people who hold protests usually called?

a) actors

b) activists

c) activates

d) actresses

48. According to the article, who is associated with World Refugee Day?

a) The UN Refugee Agency

b) The UN Security Council

c) The UN Food and Agriculture Organization

d) The International Monetary Fund

49. The word 'symbolize' in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to:

a) represent

b) simplify

c) describe

d) entertain

50. What cannot be characterized as a positive attitude to refugees?

a) compassion

b) solidarity

c) bias

d) sympathy

9. Переведите письменно 2, 3, 4, абзацы текста.

ВАРИАНТ № 4

Лексика

1. Выберите слово, близкое по значению к данному. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

1.to proclaim a) save b) change c) declare

2. dangerous a) risky b) hidden c) dark

3. to ignore a) use b) criticize c) disregard

4. a conference a) meeting b) session c) reception 5. joint a) consolidated b) odd c) peculiar

2. Выберите слово, противоположное по значению к данному. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

6. public a) open b) frank c) closed

7. honest a) double-tongued b) fair c) sincere

8. executive a) observant b) sluggish c) prompt

9. corrupt a) reptile b) bribable c) clean-fingered

10.aware a) uninformed b) wise c) cognizant

3. Выберите английское словосочетание, соответствующее русскому. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

11.вызвать недопонимание a) not to touch somebody without their permission

12.рассматривать чье-то поведение как грубое b) to bow

13.попытаться понять другого человека c) to cause misunderstanding

14.не дотрагиваться до кого-либо без разрешения d) to view somebody’s behavior as rude

15.поклониться e) to try to figure someone out

4.Выберите подходящую степень сравнения прилагательного. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант в лист ответов.

16. Australia a) It’s a monarchy.

17. Germany b) Traditionally, meals are served on the floor.

18. Great Britain c) It’s rude to blow your nose in public. Go to a wash room.

19. Japan d) Their summer (from December to March) isn’t always lovely.

20. Saudi Arabia e) They like to analyze and review information in detail before

coming to a decision.

Грамматика

5.Выберите из правого столбца соответствующую грамматическую форму английского глагола to discuss (обсуждать). Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.

21. Они часто обсуждают проблемы, связанные

с межкультурными особенностями. a) has discussed

22. Не мешайте, они обсуждают проблемы перевода

документов на язык зарубежных партнеров. b) had been discussing

23. На прошлой неделе он успешно обсудил проблемы,

связанные с оформлением документов. c) will have discussed

24. Вчера с 10 до 12 они обсуждали проблемы,

связанные с заграничной командировкой. d) will be discussing

25. Они обсуждают эти проблемы уже 2 недели. e) will have been discussing

26. Завтра он обсудит возникшие проблемы с нашими

зарубежными партнерами. f) have been discussing

27. Можно вздохнуть свободно, он обсудил все проблемы

с партнерами. g) were discussing

28. Когда я заглянула в кабинет, они уже полчаса

обсуждали проблемы, связанные с выборами. h) are discussing

29. Когда я зашел за ним, он уже обсудил все проблемы

предстоящей сделки. i) discussed

30. Завтра к встрече с партнерами они обсудят все проблемы,

cвязанные с подготовкой документов. j) will discuss

31. Завтра в 12 часов они будут обсуждать проблемы

Поставок с партнерами. k) had discussed

32. К тому времени, как я освобожусь, они будут обсуждать

текущие проблемы уже около часа. l) discuss

33. You … neglect the mood and preferences of the voters.

a) had b) are allowed c) mustn’t

34. She …… to miss her work tomorrow because of her presentation at the Board of Directors.

a) can b) will be allowed c) must

35. You … be more attentive using information of our accountancy department.

a) should b) had c) was able

36. He … to finish all calculation without any help.

a) could b) will be able c) may

37. We …prepare for the conference independently and conscientiously.

a) have b) ought c) can

38. He … to ask his secretary to print a lot of documents for the elections.

a) should b) had c) may

39. If they invited him a) if I had taken the map.

40. You will have problems with business partners b) the companies become partners

41. We wouldn’t ask the way to our joint venture с) we would have done it in Paris last year.

42. If the agreement is signed d) if you don’t follow the rules of business ethics.

43. If we hadn’t signed our agreement in Moscow e) he would agree to join their company.

Чтение

8. Прочитайте текст. Выберите правильные варианты ответов на вопросы. Внесите их в лист ответов.

What is Cultural Awareness, anyway?

Cultural Awareness is the foundation of communication and it involves the ability of standing back from ourselves and becoming aware of our cultural values, beliefs and perceptions. Why do we do things in that way? How do we see the world? Why do we react in that particular way?

Cultural awareness becomes central when we have to interact with people from other cultures. People see, interpret and evaluate things in a different way. What is considered an appropriate behavior in one culture is frequently inappropriate in another one. Misunderstandings arise when I use my meanings to make sense of your reality.

As an Italian it is almost automatic to perceive US Americans as people who always work, talk about business over lunch and drink their coffee running in the street instead of enjoying it in a bar. What does it mean? Italians are lazy and American hyperactive? No, it means that the meaning that people give to certain activities, like having lunch or dinner could be different according to certain cultures. In Italy, where relationships are highly valued, lunch, dinner or the simple pauses for coffee have a social connotation: people get together to talk and relax, and to get to know each other better. In the USA, where time is money, lunches can be part of closing a deal where people discuss the outcomes and sign a contract over coffee.

Misinterpretations occur primarily when we lack awareness of our own behavioral rules and project them on others. Becoming aware of our cultural dynamics is a difficult task because culture is not conscious to us. Since we are born we have learned to see and do things at an unconscious level. Our experiences, our values and our cultural background lead us to see and do things in a certain way. It is very helpful to gather feedback from foreign colleagues on our behavior to get more clarity on our cultural traits.

Degrees of Cultural Awareness

My way is the only way — At the first level, people are aware of their way of doing things, and their way is the only way. At this stage, they ignore the impact of cultural differences. (Parochial stage)

I know their way, but my way is better — At the second level, people are aware of other ways of doing things, but still consider their way as the best one. In this stage, cultural differences are perceived as source of problems and people tend to ignore them or reduce their significance. (Ethnocentric stage)

My Way and Their Way — At this level people are aware of their own way of doing things and others’ ways of doing things, and they chose the best way according to the situation. At this stage people realize that cultural differences can lead both to problems and benefits and are willing to use cultural diversity to create new solutions and alternatives. (Synergistic stage)

Our Way — This fourth and final stage brings people from different cultural background together for the creation of a culture of shared meanings. People dialogue repeatedly with others, create new meanings, new rules to meet the needs of a particular situation. (Participatory Third culture stage)

Increasing cultural awareness means to see both the positive and negative aspects of cultural differences. Cultural diversity could be a source of problems, in particular when the organization needs people to think or act in a similar way. Diversity increases the level of complexity and confusion and makes agreement difficult to reach. On the other hand, cultural diversity becomes an advantage when the organization expands its solutions and its sense of identity, and begins to take different approaches to problem solving. Diversity in this case creates valuable new skills and behaviors. In becoming culturally aware, people realize that they are not all the same. Similarities and differences are both important and there are multiple ways to reach the same goal and to live life.

The best way depends on the cultural contingency and each situation is different and may require a different solution.

44. Cultural awareness becomes central when people:

a) are born

b) deal with representatives from other cultures

c) think about their own culture

45. American people are different from Italian ones because they:

a) have another attitude to such a thing as time

b) do not want to be like Italians

c) are born on another continent

46. Misinterpretations occur primarily when people:

a) want to know about other nationalities

b) project their own behavioral rules on others

c) don’t have enough time to learn more about the problem

47. In becoming culturally aware, people realize that:

a) their way is the only way

b) their way is better

c) they are not the same

48. In order to understand another person, people need to try:

a) standing in his/her shoes

b) thinking only about their own culture

c) rejecting the cultural diversity

49. Increasing cultural awareness means to:

a) notice only negative aspects of cultural differences

b) judge cultural differences as an insuperable disadvantage

c) notice both positive and negative aspects of cultural differences

50. Cultural diversity can be viewed as:

a) a positive phenomenon

b) a negative phenomenon

c) an ambiguous phenomenon

9. Переведите письменно 2, 3, 4, абзацы текста.

ВАРИАНТ №5

Лексика

1. Выберите слово, близкое по значению к данному. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

1.random a) surplus b) accidental c) uneven

2. a support a) reliance b) movement c) union

3. to start a) believe b) launch c) enter

4. exact a) new b) precise c) traditional 5. to commit a) begin b) break c) perform

2. Выберите слово, противоположное по значению к данному. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

6. reliable a) treacherous b) trusty c) solid

7. legal a) law b) illegitimate c) statutory

8. political a) non-state b) national c) public

9. official a) ancillary b) off-duty c) service

10.responsible a) liable b) solid c) reckless

3. Выберите английское словосочетание, соответствующее русскому. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

11.рассматривать чье-либо поведение как

неприемлемое a) a sign of disrespect

12.выслушать кого-то b) to discuss general topics

13 проявление неуважения c) to offend somebody

14 обсуждать общие темы d) to view somebody’s behavior as not acceptable

15. обидеть кого-то e) to hear somebody out

4.Выберите характерную особенность указанных стран. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.

16. Australia a) They don’t have loud public conversation on their mobile phones.

17. Great Britain b) Never sit with your feet stretched out.

18. Japan c) You tip if you want to, but nobody particularly expect you to.

19. Turkey d) One part of this country is on a different island.

20. Saudi Arabia e) Meals are a social affair and people enjoy loud conversation.

Грамматика

5.Выберите из правого столбца соответствующую грамматическую форму английского глагола to negotiate (вести переговоры). Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант в лист ответов.

21. Он часто проводит переговоры с партнерами. a) has negotiated

22. Подождите, они ведут переговоры о поставках. b) had been negotiating

23. Вчера он успешно провел переговоры о сотрудничестве. c) will have negotiated

24. Вчера с 3 до 5 вечера он вел переговоры с представителями

Местной власти. d) will be negotiating

25. Когда я позвонил ему, он уже провел переговоры. e) will have been negotiating

26. Поздравьте его, он только что провел важные переговоры. f) has been negotiating

27. Завтра он проведет переговоры с партнерами. g) was negotiating

28. Уже неделю он ведет переговоры с местными властями. h) are negotiating

29. Когда я вернулся в офис, он уже час вел переговоры. i) had negotiated

30. К концу рабочего дня они проведут переговоры. j) will negotiate

31. Завтра в 10 часов они будут вести переговоры о сокращении

импортных поставок. k) negotiated

32. К моему возвращению, он будет вести переговоры уже час. l) negotiates

33. You … observe the dress code of the company.

a) have b) should c) are allowed

34. … you do me a favour ?

a) will you be able b) ought c) could

35. I … to write a very detailed report about etiquette in our partners’ company.

a) had b) must c) was able

36. You …go home today, it’s a kind of bonus for your hard work.

a) will have b) are allowed c) may

37. You …be more demanding to your subordinates, otherwise you won’t get good results.

a) are allowed b) must c) have

38. There’s no need to control them. They …… to do it themselves.

a) are able b) must c) can

39. If company business is profitable a) if you don’t tell me its items.

40. If I had learned English well b) if I were in your position.

41. I won’t manage to make a contract c) its leaders are satisfied. 42. I would perfect my English d) if we hadn’t hurry with the documents.

43. We would have lost our money e) I would be an interpreter.

Чтение

8. Прочитайте текст. Выберите правильные варианты ответов на вопросы. Внесите варианты ответов в лист ответов.

Cultural Change

Anthropologists are often interested in how culture changes over time. All cultures go through periods of change and some cultures change faster than others. For example, in the past 10 years, Chinese culture has changed very rapidly as western goods and products have become very popular. Other countries, such as France, have created rules to prevent their culture from changing too quickly. Recently, the French government passed a law that prevents companies from using English words instead of French words. French people have also been slow to accept goods and restaurants that are popular in other countries. For example, some French people strongly opposed the construction of “Disneyland Paris”, a theme park that was built in France in 1992.

Even though cultures change at different paces, the causes of cultural change are quite similar around the world. One of these is technology and medicine. In the United States the invention and development of birth control pills and other measures helped parents to limit the size of their families. As a result, families grew smaller and parents could give more attention to fewer children. The way that people raised their children changed and the relationship between parents and their children has become much closer in many families. On the other hand, new technology has also created emotional distance among families. With the invention of the television, video games, cellular phones, and computers, family members spend less time talking to each other and more time using different gadgets to talk to their friends or socialize with people on the Internet.

Cultures also change when they come into contact with other cultures. Immigration, for example, often results in cultural change for both immigrants and the host culture. Immigrants often bring with them different ideas, food, music, language, and manners when they move to a new culture. At first, people in the host culture may resist these differences, sometimes using violence or other forms of intolerance or discrimination. Over time, however, cultural exchange occurs and both immigrants and the host culture influence each other’s ideas and way of life. In Canada, for example, the government has a policy of multiculturalism where immigrants are encouraged to share their background cultures with Canadians while adopting and accepting Canadian culture. Although this policy has encountered some problems, most people believe that it has been successful.

Cultural change can occur due to larger events. For example, economic depression, war, and disaster can endanger societies, which must adapt to these challenges and events. Because of these changes in society, ideas and ways of life also affect the entire culture. For example, during World War II, many American men were sent far off to fight. Consequently, women were suddenly needed to work in the factories. These female factory workers were vital to the war effort as they helped manufacture weapons, ammunition, and equipment for the military. As a result of this change, ideas about women in the workplace slowly began to change throughout the last half of the 20th century and it is no longer culturally acceptable to believe that they should not have the right to work.

44. According to the passage, which country has experienced accelerated cultural change in the last decade?

a) China

b) Canada

c) America

d) France

45. The word 'passed' in paragraph 1 could be replaced by:

a) surpassed

b) discharged

c) exchanged

d) sanctioned

46. It is implied in paragraph 2 that:

a) people spend far too much time on the Internet

b) technology change has led to less face-to-face contact

c) the quality of video games and cellular phones has improved

d) new technology has brought families closer together

47. The word 'it' in paragraph 3 refers to:

a) the problem of immigration

b) the policy of multiculturalism

c) the background of immigrants

d) the acceptance of Canadian culture

48. The word 'endanger' in paragraph 4 could be replaced by:

a) threaten

b) protect

c) expose

d) explode

49. The word 'they' in paragraph 4 refers to:

a) men

b) women

c) American men

d) factory workers

50. According to the text, one can observe cultural change when:

a) there is economic prosperity

b) the nation is preparing for the war

c) natural disasters happen

d) people migrate

9. Переведите письменно 2, 3, 4, абзацы текста.

РАЗДЕЛ 4. ЗАДАНИЯ ДЛЯ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ КОНТРОЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ № 2

ВАРИАНТ №1

Лексика

1. Выберите правильный вариант. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

1. In the six months to end March, Spar grew …by 12.6% to R47.4bn.

a) growth b) turnover c) facts

2. In essence, Spar warehouses and distributes groceries and other products to mainly independent …that use the Spar brand.

a) retailers b) customers c) staff

3. Other advantages for independent … include access to competitively priced products, benefitting from the Spar Group's economies of scale.

a) reason b) owners c) disadvantage

4. The recent convertible bond issue by Impala Platinum shows just how tough it is as the company …these new bonds for an amount that is equal to over 10% of its market cap.

a) used b) looked for c) issued

5. In recent years, South African food and clothing retailers have made significant… to improve their supply chain management by implementing centralised distribution systems. a) strategy b) direction c) investments

2. Выберите слова, подходящее по смыслу к данным предложениям. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

a) warehouses b) depression c) expenditure d) savings e) a wholesaler

6.We deal directly with the manufacturer, without using… . 7. The country entered a period of economic …. 8.We cannot do the costing until we have details of all the production… .

9. These …are usually closed to the public.

10. We put our …into a building society or into a building society account.

3. Подберите данным словам соответствующее определение. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

11. refund a) a method of investigating successful techniques in an industry and comparing them to one’s own business. 12. gross domestic product (GDP) b) a benefit you receive from your job, such as a company car or gym membership 13. perk c) a person who buys and uses produces sold by someone else 14. benchmarking d) the overall output of goods and services produced within the country. 15. consumer e) money that is returned to a buyer because he or she no longer wants the product

Грамматика

4.Измените данное вам слово, вставьте в предложение. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

16. She’s got the wonderful to make people feel at home. ABLE

17. The new estate will create new jobs. INDUSTRY

18. He’ll find it hard to work in the banking business. It’s a world. COMPETE

19. Avatar in 3D was the most ______ film of the year in 2009. SUCCESS

20. He’s travelled a lot and tells stories about his adventures. FASCINATE

5.Выберите соответствующую грамматическую форму английского глагола. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

21.I______________lastweekabouthowwecanuseoursmallportfoliosizesto outperform the professionals.

a) write b) wrote c) written

22. As consumption increases, it ____________more important for manufacturers, retailers and logistics providers to get their products to consumers timorously, efficiently and safely.

a) becomes b) was become c) have become

23. Honeywell is______________ one of the world leaders in this space.

a) considers b) considered c) will considered

24. Property is a long-term game, with analysts often ________________ investors to hold a long-term view and to ride out volatility

a) encourage b) encourage c) encouraging

25. The US have all ____________ new visas and put in place policies to make it easier for start-ups and entrepreneurs to start businesses within their national borders

a) launched b) launching c) launch

26. Canada is a_______________ as one of the most attractive countries for entrepreneurs

a) acknowledge b) acknowledges c) acknowledged

27. If they manage to secure this, they_____________ apply for the visa.

a) could b) can c) was able to

28. The start-ups need to have been ________________in the past three years in the US and demonstrate a potential for growth and job creation.

a) founding b) found c) founded

29. She says success is often dependent on having a very innovative, high-growth business idea that____________ high export potential.

a) have b) has c) had

30. The workspaces normally_______________ the traditional open-plan areas with «hot desks», as well as dedicated desks for individuals.

a) include b) including c) has included

31. Previous success ________________automatically translate into success in the next venture.

a) do not b) does not c) has not

32. Historically, its exposure to risk assets has been ______________to 50% of the portfolio, with the current level at about 35%.

a) limit b) limited c) limits

6. Выберите верный вариант. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

33. He wrote the number down _______________________ forget it. a) in order not to b) as soon as c) till 34._____________ needing a rest, the team continued to work. a) In spite b) Despite c) Although

35. ____________trade restrictions might help a country for a short period of time, their overall effect is a negative one.

a) Although b) Whether c) Later

36. I work as a telesales operator in a call centre, ___________is a boring job.

a) after b) which c) until 37. He wasn’t wearing a coat,_________________it was very cold.

a) whereas b) even though c) despite 38. It was very late.________________, the guests didn’t leave. a) By the way b) Certainly c) Nevertheless

7. Выберите правильную форму глагола. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

39. If he __________ me tonight, I'll have enough money for the tickets.

a) isn’t pay b) pays c) paid d) had paid

40. It was rather a dull game so I left before the end; if I had waited another five minutes ________________Chelsea scoring a really exciting goal.

a) would see b) saw c) had seen d) would have seen 41. I shouldn't drink that wine if I _____________ you.

a) am b) were c) would be d) had been

42. If I _____________ find a cheap room I'll stay a fortnight.

a) can b) had to c) must d) could 43. If he knew that it was dangerous he __________________.

a) didn’t come b) not came c) wouldn’t come d) will not come

Чтение

8. Прочитайте текст и определите верны ли приведенные ниже утверждения (А — верно; В — не верно). Выбранный вариант внесите в лист ответов.

Goodbye to the golden age of global brands 1. In the Harvard Business School professor Theodore Levitt’s seminal paper The Globalisation of Markets, written in 1983, he argued that, as new media and technology shrank the world, people’s tastes would converge, creating a single global market that would be dominated by the world’s most successful brands. So, when the Berlin Wall fell and the barriers to world trade came down, it seemed Prof Levitt would be proved right. Global brand owners poured into the newly opened markets and, facing little competition in countries unaccustomed to consumer culture, they thought they would clean up. Then, some awkward commercial realities started to close in. 2. Once local consumers had tried these new products, they found them far too expensive to buy on a regular basis, even if they liked them. And soon, local producers sprang up offering much better value for money with products of only slightly inferior quality at a 30 vastly lower price. Usually, too, these products were better suited to local tastes and cultural preferences than those being foisted onto consumers by the global corporations. The global brand owners were left spreading their advertising and other fixed costs over tiny market shares and often faced extra costs, such as tariffs. 3. In many of these countries today, global brand owners command the super-premium end of the market in any given product category, while local brands command the rest. The global brand owners could try to move into the mass market by creating low-price products designed to suit local tastes, but that would throw them into head-on competition with local companies possessing better distribution channels and a far deeper understanding of the market. Increasingly, therefore, they have resorted to buying local brands and the companies that own them. And here, of course, lies the paradox. Whatever is the point of owning a global brand if it does not work in global markets? 4. Let us be optimistic and suppose the poor countries do become rich. But what do we see happening in rich countries? Ever-proliferating brand choices. There are more soft drink brands than there have been for years, more fast food chains, more packaged goods, more cars. Supermarkets are competing with brand owners by selling own-label products that are as good as the branded version but cost 20-30 per cent less. 5. Global brands, of course, are not about to disappear. But it must now be clear that Prof Levitt was mistaken in believing the world’s tastes would converge on standardised products. Everything we have learned about consumerism over the decades shows that, as people become better off, they

want more choices, not fewer. Global brands may be here to stay, but their golden age is over.

44. When the Berlin Wall fell and the barriers to world trade came down, Professor Levitt was proved right.

45. Shortly after that time, local producers in countries with newly opened markets began supplying similar products to global brands at a much more attractive price.

46. Currently global brand products sell best as luxury products in many of these countries.

47. In rich countries there are fewer brand choices in supermarkets.

48. The more money consumers have, the more choices they want. 49. Supermarkets are competing with brand owners by selling own-label products. 50. Prof Levitt claimed that the world’s tastes would change every decade.

9. Переведите письменно 2, 3, 4, абзацы текста.

ВАРИАНТ №2

Лексика

1. Выберите правильный вариант. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

1. Equites entered the UK market in 2016, where the rapid growth of ______________is driving demand for large modern logistics facilities.

a) clients b) online retail c) development

2. The company is able to develop new ____________ fast and efficiently using the «tilt-up» construction method which uses prefabricated steel- reinforced concrete panels instead of bricks.

a) portfolios b) assets c) administrations

3. The key ____________________of managing industrial tenants is that typically you deal with one tenant per property, whereas retail and office properties have many tenants.

a) reason b) functions c) advantage

4. The second major deal enabled the group's UK expansion when Equites _______________ three prime logistics properties located in the Midlands application.

a) acquired b) discussed c) delivered

5.Equites' balance sheet is strong, with low levels of financial______________ providing ample flexibility to act on new opportunities. a) leverage b) fact c) development

2. Выберите слова, подходящее по смыслу к данным предложениям. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

a) withdraw b) turnover c) suppliers d) warranty e) purchasing

6. The _____________ covers spare parts but not labour costs.

7. He had to _______________his takeover bid when he failed to find any backers.

8. All _____________ has been centralised in our main office. 9. Their t________________ has risen by at least 20°% in the last year, and that is probably a conservative estimate. 10. The _______________ are demanding immediate payment of their outstanding invoices.

3. Подберите данным словам соответствующее определение. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

11. shipping costs a) a comment from a customer to a company about its service 12. promotion b) the additional payments that are made to have a product delivered 13. feedback c) a group of people who you think you can sell your product to 14. manufacturer d) a person or a company that makes products using raw materials 15. target market e) a campaign to attract consumers’ attention by selling your product at a cheaper price than usual.

Грамматика

4. Измените данное вам слово, вставьте в предложение.

Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

16. These instructions are hopeless. They’re to understand. POSSIBLE

17. Sophie can never make up her mind about things. She’s been so_________ . DECIDE

18. He isn’t only a painter, but he also plays the saxophone. SKILL

19. He’s been _______________ for six months. He can’t find a job. EMPLOY

20. They’re trying to find a been ___________ solution to the conflict. PEACE

5. Выберите соответствующую грамматическую форму английского глагола. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

21. Virtual working certainly _________________ eradicate the sort of cultural misunderstandings that can arise in a face-to-face situation.

a) has not b) is not c) does not

22. As this is the first step in the offshore investment process, it gives you more time to do homework on where and how you want to invest while you've already _____________ in the exchange rate.

a) lock b) locked c) locking

23. These assets can ____________ issued anywhere in the world.

a) are b) will be c) be

24. Much will _____________ on the amount of money individuals have available to spend.

a) depends b) depend c) have depend

25. I always enjoy __________the success of this well-known saying by running historical data.

a) testing b) test c) tested 26. Many large organizations ___________ at these costs, and thinking how much more sensible it would be to bring the sites together a) has now looked b) are now looking c) will now looked

27. If Pembury had listed a few years back in better economic and political times, it may __________ better and in time it may start to see investor demand.

a) have doing b) have done c) has done

28. Technology ____________ the only thing that affects our spending behaviour.

a) does not b) is not c) has not

29. We are also ____________________ how people spend their incomes: are there huge differences between how much some households spend vis-a-vis others.

a) interested in b) interesting in c) interested with

30.________________ various datasets, the authors find two distinct trends to support this theory.

a) Used b) Using c) Use

31. Understanding how, why and when a buyer____________ a product or service is often the difference between a thriving and failing business.

a) chooses b) choose c) choosing

32. There ________________a 200% increase in the number of applicants over the past year, so there is a rapidly growing interest in studying overseas.

a) have been b) has been c) will have been

6. Выберите верный вариант. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

33. He recorded the match ______________ he could watch it later. a) while b) as soon as c) so that

34. My job, ___________involves dealing with the public, is quite well paid.

a) until b) which c) while 35.All flights were cancelled _____________the thick fog.

a) because of b) if c) while 36. They will take some magazines with them ______________they get bored. a) but b) in case c) until 37. His car wouldn’t move _______________ the fact that it ran out of petrol. a) when b) due to c) although 38. The doctor examined the patient ______to find out what was wrong with him. a) so as b) somehow c) until

7. Выберите правильную форму глагола. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

39. If I ________________ this exam, I'll go to the university next October.

a) passes b) would pass c) pass d) did pass

40. I had no map; that's why I got lost. If I had had a map I ________all right.

a) would be b) was c) will be d) would have been 41. If he ____________ his windscreen he'd be able to see where he was going. a) cleans b) clean c) would clean d) cleaned 42. I could get a job easily if I _____________ a degree.

a) have b) will have c) had d) has

43. The accident was mainly Tom's fault. He was driving much too close to the car in front. If he had been further away he ___________ able to stop in time.

a) was b) would be c) would have been d) is

Чтение

8. Прочитайте текст и определите верны ли приведенные ниже утверждения (А — верно; В — не верно).Выбранный вариант внесите в лист ответов.

Tesco breaches £2bn profit mark for first time

1. Tesco yet again confirmed its dominance in the UK retail sector, shrugging off fears of a spending slowdown and reporting underlying annual profits breaching £2bn ($3.78bn). The UK’s biggest supermarket, which has a 29.5 per cent share of the domestic grocery market, said it would accelerate expansion, with plans to open 207 new stores in the current year, compared with 98 openings last year. Well over half of these will be in Asia. 2. The retailer’s performance flies in the face of fears in the retail sector that consumers are reining in sales. Like-for-like sales in the final seven weeks of the financial year grew 9.3 per cent in the UK, with UK clothing sales growing by 28 per cent overall. Tesco said: “The broader picture is unclear, but as far as Tesco is concerned, consumers are still spending.” Underlying annual profit before gains on disposals, integration costs and goodwill amortisation rose 18.8 per cent to £2.02 bn. Pretax profits rose 22.6 per cent to £1.96 bn, on sales which rose 10.5 per cent to £37.07bn for the 52 weeks to February 26. Sales in the core UK business, which accounts for 80 per cent of total sales, were up 9 per cent on a like-for-like basis. Overall sales grew by 11.9 per cent to £29.5bn over the same period. Tesco.com sales grew 24.1 per cent to £719 m, with profit increasing by 51.8 per cent to £36m. During the second half of the financial year, like-for-like sales increased 9.5 per cent including petrol and by 7.4 per cent excluding petrol. 3. Terry Leahy, chief executive, said: “These results demonstrate the broad appeal of the Tesco brand. They show that our new growth businesses in international, in non-food and in services, have contributed as much profit as the entire business was making in 1997.” 4. International sales grew 13.1 per cent to £7.6 bn. Like-for-like sales grew 5.5 per cent in the first quarter of 2005. International sales 6o contributed £370m to underlying operating profit, up 20.9 per cent on last year. In non-food, which includes clothing and home entertainment, sales grew by nearly 18 per cent to £6 bn. Personal finance reported a profit of £202m, with Tesco’s share reaching £101m, up 26.5 per cent. The telecoms arm, which Tesco said was still in its 70 start-up phase and which has been operating one year, made an operating loss of £4 m. 5. Tesco said that the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) was expected to have a small adverse impact on statutory declared profit after tax of up to £30m for 2004/5 and no impact on group pre-tax cash flow. Tesco said it intended to issue 2004/5 financial information, restated for IFRS, towards the end of next month. Operating profit increased 12.3 per cent to £1.94 bn. 85 Earnings per share were up 17.7 per cent at 17.73p. The board has proposed a final dividend of 5.27p a share, an increase of 10.5 per cent, bringing the full year dividend to 7.56p, up 10.5 per cent.

44. IBM introduced flexible working practices in order to attract a broader range of staff with different abilities.

45. It is difficult for older people to work flexibly.

46. It is important for many people who have a university degree that they have enough time for themselves outside work.

47. At IBM, flexible working is good for business. 48. In non-food, which includes production of machines and manufacture of shoes, sales grew by nearly 18 per cent to £6 bn. 49. Tesco said that the adoption of International Financial ReportingStandards (IFRS) was expected no impact on group pre-tax cash flow. 50. Tesco said it intended to launch a new product.

9. Переведите письменно 2, 3, 4, абзацы текста.

ВАРИАНТ №3

Лексика

1. Выберите правильный вариант. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

1. Where previously suppliers delivered directly to individual stores, they now deliver to a retailer's central warehouse facility from where _________________optimized loads to its network of stores.

a) clients b) owners c) the retailer delivers

2. As a consequence, demand for warehousing in these areas significantly exceeds supply, supporting strong rental _____________and capital value appreciation.

a) growth b) interest c) development

3. Sectors like information technology and media have managed to rise to the occasion after nearly two decades of ________________ behind.

a) going b) lagging c) rising

4. In light of this, equity investors should take a good look at their___________ to determine whether their shareholdings are leaning primarily towards growth or value shares.

a) interest b) portfolios c) votes

5.Reality, however, came to bear in the early 1990s when the citizens of Australia realised that their obsession with ______________was not matched by the means to finance its national — or personal — spending spree.

a) delivering b) sales c) consumption

2. Выберите слова, подходящее по смыслу к данным предложениям. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

a) surplus b) terms c) deliver d)countersigned e)the expense

6. The firm isunder contract to _________________ the goods by November. 7. We do not make enough sales to cover _____________ of running the shop.

8. The _________________ of the contract are quite unacceptable.

9. Some of the machines may have to be sold off as there is __________production capacity. 10. All our cheques have to be _____________________ by the finance director.

3. Подберите данным словам соответствующее определение. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов

11. customer service a) the field that applies research to solve problems or create new business methods or products. 12. minor player b) a government imposed restriction on free trade 13. profitability c) the act of providing customers of a store with assistance 14. trade barrier d) the ability of a company to generate income consistently. 15. research and development e) a person or a business that is not important and does not have a lot ofinfluence.

Грамматика

4. Измените данное вам слово, вставьте в предложение. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

16. They had to close the business because it had become been ___________. PROFIT

17. We’re quite a small family, so we have very few been ___________. RELATE

18. Commuting to work in big cities is more been _________ than it used to be. EXHAUST

19. Paul can’t stand being an been ____any more, so he’s starting his own business. EMPLOY

20. He always been ______ my name. It’s Suzanne not Susan. PRONOUNCE

21. We're _____________ with increasing amounts of information overload always on and always available.

a) face b) been faced c) faced

22. It __________ that investors are more comfortable about South African risks today relative to history.

a) seem b) seems c) is seeming

23. Tucker accepts that the next two to three years ____________ tough on most asset classes.

a) will b) will be c) was

24. .It _________________to impair its operations in Poland by up to R150m as a result of an additional reduction in tariffs in cardiology from 1 January,.

a) is expected b) are expected c) were expected

25. Global equities are considered by Brooke's team to be __________ place at present.

a) the good b) the best c) the better

26. This brings potential for new builds in warehousing to grow as facilities __________________ to keep pace with online sales growth.

a) is modernised b) are modernised c) was modernising

27. Many investors ________________ the robustness of the UK property market, especially following the uncertainty surrounding Brexit.

a) will questioning b) was questioning c) are questioning

28. However, the value of physical commercial property _____________ its ground.

a) have hold b) has held c) have held

29. We take a more cautious approach in that we_________________ to be paying for promises, especially from a volatile and inexperienced US administration.

a) do not wish b) not wish c) wishing

30. The main reason many investors prefer cash to equities is the fear of _____________money.

a) loose b) losing c) lost

31. At the moment everything in Greece _________________exactly in the right direction

a) to go b) doing c) is going

32. There are ___________________ possible scenarios here.

a) a few b) little c) a lot

6. Выберите верный вариант. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

33. I’ll make the dinner ______________I will get home. a) while b) as soon as c) when 34. … The singer cancelled her appearance _______________the fact that she was feeling unwell. a) until b) that’s why c) on account of 35. DoShe applied sunscreen ________________ sunburnt. a) in order not to b) though c) in spite 36. _______________ we were very tired, we went to the party a) Maybe b) But c) Though 37. He checked his answering machine ______________ there was a message for him.

a) w in case b) as c) even though 38. __________________ the heavy snow, we managed to get to the office.

a) When b) In spite of c) Unfortunately

7 . Выберите правильную форму глагола. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

39. If I ____________ a work permit, I'll stay for another six months.

a) got b) would get c) has got d) get

40. Why didn't you say that you were short of money? If I had known I _________you some.

a) would have lent b) lend c) would lend d) will lend 41. If they _____________ the sale of alcohol at football matches there might be less violence.

a) ban b) will ban c) banned d) had banned

42. Provided you remember the password you _____________in no danger.

a) will be b) was c) were d) would be

43. He asked his parents for a loan but he didn't say what he wanted the money for, so they refused. I think if he _______________ them that he wanted to open a restaurant they would have agreed.

a) told b) had told c) will tell d) tells

Чтение

Online shopping expected to grow by 35% this year

1. Consumers are expected to spend 35 per cent more buying a host of items from clothes to CDs online this year, taking total spending for 2005 to an estimated £19.6bn, according to the Interactive Media Retail Group. In its first annual report, published today, IMRG said it expected 4m more Britons to shop online this year, taking the total shoppers to 24 m, more than half the UK’s adult population. The latest figures underline the sharp growth of internet shopping in the decade since 1994. While internet shopping accounted for just £300 m of retail sales in 1999, by 2004 consumers were spending £14.5 bn online, according to IMRG. 2. Online shopping is also counter acting sluggish consumer spending on the high street. Household expenditure grew by only 0.2 per cent in the fourth quarter of 2004. “For a sector to have grown from scratch in ten years with very little investment suggests that the internet’s time has come,” said James Roper, IMRG chief executive. 3. The larger retailing groups — Kingfisher, Argos, Dixons, Tesco and Boots — are spending money on developing their internet offering, but many retail chains are not investing in online shopping, which in turn is allowing entrants such as figleaves.com, which sells underwear, and asos.com, the clothing e-shop, to gain a foothold in the market. 4. In 2004, the IMRG estimated that the top 100 retailers in the UK spent just £100m on their internet presence — and most of this came from a handful of stores. But in spite of the neglect from big retailers, the growing popularity ofonline shopping looks set to continue as more people gain access to the internet. 5. Figures out from 2004 from Ofcom, the communications regulator, showed that more than 56 per cent of homes had internet access, with a third of those having a broadband connection. The emergence of mobile commerce technology could also mean that people will be able to shop online from their mobile phones. 6. IMRG said electrical and clothing goods were experiencing strong growth online, with more than £2 bn of electrical goods sold over the internet in 2004. Dixons, the high street electrical retailer, expects its online sales — currently at £170 m — to hit £l bn in the next five years. Meanwhile, clothing is another big expansion area, with sales growing 37 per cent to £644m in 2004.

44. In 2000, people in the UK were spending almost five times more online than they were in 1999.

45.People are spending more money, but they are spending less money in the shops.

46. Because many retail chains are not investing in an internet presence, this is opening up a market for online-only businesses.

47. All of the top 100 retailers in the UK are spending a lot of money on online shopping facilities.

48. Ofcom is a business information service like the IMRG. 49. The emergence of mobile commerce technology could also mean that people will be able to book hotel online from their mobile phones. 50.Dixons expects its online sales to hit £l bn in the next five years.

9. Переведите письменно 2, 3, 4, абзацы текста.

ВАРИАНТ №4

Лексика

1. Выберите правильный вариант. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

1. Potentially, Europe is the most interesting. Economic _____________there last year was slightly better than the US and it's still gathering steam.

a) literature b) growth c) conferences

2. Looking ahead, investors can expect ongoing ___________ amid high levels of local and global uncertainty.

a) change b) volatility c) development

3. First, our investment managers need to engage companies on their ___________ plans and encourage investment for growth, which will result in better ratings.

a) long-term b) interesting c) unsuccessful

4. An underlying pillar in his personal philosophy is that time in the _________________is more important than timing the market.

a) a use b) data c) market

5.Typically, pensions or similar ________________would find their way into a Regulation 28 balanced fund. But extending beyond that is considerably more intricate. a) banks b) savings c) interests

2. Выберите слова, подходящее по смыслу к данным предложениям. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

a) redundant b) the cost of living c) a consignment d) diminished e) covering letter

6. He sent a__________________ with his curriculum vitae, explaining why he wanted the job. 7. We are expecting _________________of cars from Japan. 8. The decrease in the prices of consumer goods is reflected in the fall in________________.

9. Our share of the market has _____________over the last few years 10. As a result of cost-cutting, we have had to make three secretaries___________________.

3. Подберите данным словам соответствующее определение. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов

11. surplus a) trade between nations without restrictions or fees. 12. free trade b) a company or business entity that has the highest profit or the highest market share 13. promotion c) the a document that shows money was exchanged for a product 14. industry leader d) a campaign to attract consumers’ attention by selling your product at a cheaper price than usual 15. receipt e) a group of materials which you bought, but you not do not need

Грамматика

4. Измените данное вам слово, вставьте в предложение. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

16. Notes and coins had ________________ because the government promised to change them for valuable metal like gold or silver. VALUABLE

17. Advice and _______________: you’ll find that it’s worth booking your ticket for longer distance journeys in advance, as this can help save even more money. INFORM

18. In the public mind, globalisation and multinational corporations are closely ________________. RELATION

19. If multinational car____________ want to use the same lights in cars which are being built in different countries, then light manufacturers must become multinational, too.

MANUFACTORY

20. I think, they will not be able to compete in the global economy. COMPETITION

5. Выберите соответствующую грамматическую форму английского глагола. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

21. I have written about this before — that nasty, tiny little share you own because you hope one day _______________ rocket to the moon and make you fabulously rich.

a) it'll b) it did c) it was

22. This question can actually be taken a bit further, by rather asking whether growth shares as a whole haven't ____________ too much over such a relatively short period.

a) grow b) growing c) grown

23. According to my sources there, it's very slightly ___________________.

a) overvalued b) overvalue c) overvaluing

24. The company ___________ on track but now that we have three fishing stocks to invest into

a) seem b) seems c) seeming

25. Stock markets _________________ higher today than they were 10, 20 or 50 years ago.

a) trades b) are trading c) were traded

26. The global economy ___________to grow by 3.5% this year, and emerging markets overall by 4.5%, according to forecasts from the International Monetary Fund published last month

a) are I expected b) is expected c) is expecting

27. There is _________________ for foreign exchange allowance clearance or Reserve Bank approval and no limits to the money which can be invested offshore

a) no need b) interests c) funds

28. The price depends on what ____________________to the rand-dollar exchange rate.

a) happen b) happens c) happening

29 At least 70% of the fund is___________ in investment grade (high-quality) bonds issued by governments, or are guaranteed by governments.

a) invest b) investing c) invested

30. There ________ a cost involved with converting your hands to a foreign-denominated currency.

a) is b) were c) was to

31. These days you __________ open a US dollar bank account electronically with a reputable international bank within five days.

a) could b) was able to c) can

32. Companies have also ___________ efforts to do away with traditional hierarchy and the stereotypical «corner office» and allow greater access to senior personnel, which is likely the result of millennials making up an increasing proportion of the workforce

a) make b) made c) making

6. Выберите верный вариант. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

33. Tony is employing more staff ________________ he can expand his business. a) once b) so that c) yet

34. Ally is in charge of the sales office, _______________ she finds challenging.

a) which b) after c) before 35. Emma has booked a first-class ticket _______________ she can travel in comfort. a) until b) so that c) then

36. His parents are pleased with him ____________________ he has passed his exams. a) later b) that’s why c) now that 37. ______________________ we left the house early, we still missed the bus.

a) When b) However c) Although 38. ___________________________ she isn’t fond of classical music, she went to the concert.

a) Even though b) While c) Until

7 . Выберите правильную форму глагола. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

39. Most people__________ the union meeting if they had had longer notice of it.

a) attend b) will attend c) would attend d) would have attended

40. If London airport ______________ clear of fog we'll land there.

a) was b) is c) will be d) would be 41. If I _______________ a big prize in a lottery I'd give up my job.

a) win b) won c)had won d) would win

42. It's a pity he never patented his invention. If he ____________ it he would have made a lot of money.

a) patent b) would patent c) has patented d) had patented 43. She will be absolutely furious if she ______________________about this.

a) heard b) hear c) hears d) would hear

Чтение

When companies need diplomats 1. You may recall a song released 23 years ago, by Fun Boy Three and Bananarama, called “T’aint What You Do, It’s The Way That You Do It”. Translated into a corporate motto, this means: it matters more to be able to engage and inspire those around you than to be a master strategist. Or, as Lou Gerstner famously declared at the start of his tenure at the then- troubled IBM: “The last thing that IBM needs right now is a vision.” Lately, big companies seem to be heeding this dictum in their choice of chief executives. Instead of hard-driving alpha males (and females) who come to their jobs like whirlwinds, vowing to shake го everything and everybody up, boards are turning to diplomats. The latest is Sir Howard Stringer, who was named chairman and chief executive of Sony on Monday. For a long time, Sir Howard’s uncertain role in his early days at Sony in the US and willingness to chat genially not only to Japanese executives but also to analysts, journalists and even passers-by led to him being written off as powerless. It turns out he was talking to the right people.

2. His rise follows the elevation of Dick Parsons, whose previous role as vice-chairman included being an amiable front-man for Gerald Levin, at Time Warner, and the ascent of Chuck Prince, a sagely reassuring lawyer, at Citigroup. So these are good days for diplomats. But if a glad-hander wants to get the top job, he ought to work for a company with two traits: big and in trouble. When conglomerates such as Time Warner and Citigroup get into trouble, they need alternative medicine. Time Warner was in turmoil following its takeover by America Online, and was riven by infighting, when Mr Parsons was promoted. Citigroup was doing better financially but had to convince the office of the New York State Attorney General and its regulators that it could behave itself as well. Mr Prince is still working on that.

3. In the MIT Sloan Management Review last year, Jay Conger and David Nadler drew a distinction between “content” and “context” corporate leaders. Content leaders are people who believe in strategy, the power of the right answer and “direction by declaration”. Context leaders emphasise values, culture, relationships and team work.

4. Nobuyuki Idei, former CEO of Sony, faced a choice between the two types in considering Sir Howard and Ken Kutaragi, the head of its PlayStation division, who has been openly critical of failures in

other parts of the company. If he had been brave, he might have taken a bet on MrKutaragi. But it is hard to argue with MrIdei’s instinct that Sony first needed a rejuvenating leader.

5. Of course, the choice between a context and a content leader can be cyclical. If the first type is most effective in troubled organisations, the second may outperform when things are better. One reason for MrKutaragi to accept demotion from the board this week with good grace was that, if 63-year-old Sir Howard does a good job, his moment could come.

6. But there will always be a place for a corporate diplomat when things have gone awry. Companies are comprised of human beings, not just ideas and strategies, andit helps when the person in charge knows it. As Fun Boy Three and Bananarama put it, that’s what gets results.

44. Company management boards currently prefer to appoint managers who are diplomats rather than managers who approach their jobs with too much fire and thunder.

45. The new CEO wants to shake up the whole Sony group.

46. When Sir Howard began working for Sony in the US, it was not clear what his responsibilities were.

47. Sir Howard has been able to develop a useful network of business acquaintances.

48. Sony first needed a new leader.

49. There must be done the choice between a context and a content leader.

50. One reason for MrKutaragi to accept demotion from the board this week with good grace was that his moment could come.

9. Переведите письменно 2, 3, 4, абзацы текста.

ВАРИАНТ № 5

Лексика

1. Выберите правильный вариант. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

1. The sector has changed over time and has proved partially immune to local events, given that almost 40% of_________________ come from outside South Africa.

a) earnings b) trend c) ideas

2. In a retail setting, a successful mall will balance ____________with food, beverage and «shoppertainment» opportunities to offer a fully rounded experience for shoppers.

a) sellers b) retail outlets c) a warehouse

3. Another emerging opportunity locally is the growing popularity of_____________, which is leading to greater demand in warehousing and distribution space.

a) online sales b) provider c) owner

4. The difference between ______________and investments in cash or bonds is that cash may provide a yield of 6%, but that yield does not grow.

a) flats b) property c) device

5.The UK's second-biggest commercial sale of a building was the «Cheesegrater», bought by a Chinese _________________for £1.15bn in October a) shop b) direction c) consortium

2. Выберите слова, подходящее по смыслу к данным предложениям. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

a) supply b)disclosure c) headquarters d)consumer resistance e)deflationary measures

6. Reducing the money _______________has the effect of depressing demand for consumer goods. 7. The new product met no ________________________ even though the price was high.

8. The company has become very centralised, and far more staff work at__________________.

9. The ________________of the takeover bid raised the price of the shares.

10. The government has introduced some _____________________________in the budget.

3. Подберите данным словам соответствующее определение. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

11. financial report a) the additional money that an authority collects on goods or services 12. sales tax b) a person who works at a lower rank than you 13. subordinate c) the act of staying with one service provider, not seeking a different one 14.loyalty d) formal record of a business’s financial activities 15.competitive benchmark e) a comparison of similar practices among companies in the same industry

Грамматика

4. Измените данное вам слово, вставьте в предложение. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

16. You can’t help finding him interesting. He’s so . CHARISMA

17. My boss is so critical. He of everything I do. APPROVE

18. The rights of the individual are the of democracy. FOUND

19. He was fired from his job for conduct. ETHIC

20. You obviously haven’t been paying him enough . ATTEND

5. Выберите соответствующую грамматическую форму английского глагола. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

21. Ownership is important, but it _______________be a composite of all pillars of transformation

a) has to b) did c) ought

22. Unfortunately, this will be heavily _________________ by how political events unfold over the next few months

a) impacting b) had impact c) impacted

23. It ___________matter which platinum stock you may own — this is a sector in trouble, with an equally troubling future.

a) doesn't b) did c) wasn’t

24. I have _____________portfolios with 100 shares and that is far too many, by about 80 shares.

a) seeing b) seen c) saw

25. They grew their earnings by 36% more and they ____________almost 50% more in research and development.

a) invested b) investing c) invests

26. This can be _____________by just creating and paying a beneficiary via your local online banking platform.

a) do b) did c) done

27. Work seekers want greater work/ life integration, where work _____________ something that you do and is part of who you are rather than something you go to.

a) have been b) is c) were

28. Companies have also______________efforts to do away with traditional hierarchy

a) makes b) made c) making

29. Buffett opened the meeting with a quip he's _______________before .

a) used b) uses c) use

30. But it's important __________that the people bearing the major brunt of this manufactured crisis are the employees.

a) not forgetting b) didn’t to forget c) not to forget

31. Among students, job security and the feeling that one is serving a greater good, were the second- and third-most- important career goals respectively, while professionals want to be intellectually _____________________ and feel that their position is secure over the medium term

a) challenge b) challenged c) challenging

32. Many of the big corporates are still attractive and they appear to ________________less rigid by, for example, relaxing dress codes and building open- plan offices, largely in response to the demands of talent,

a) be becoming b) will be becoming c) not be become

6. Выберите верный вариант. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

33. She is studying medicine ________________ she can become a doctor. a) so that b) as soon as c) nevertheless 34. The question was explained in detail.___________, I didn’t understand it. a) Until b) After c) Still 35. _________________he woke up early, he was late for his appointment. a) Once b) Nevertheless c) Even though

36. Andrew, ___________is Canadian, supervises the football team.

a) who b) while c) later 37. Wait a minute _____________ I send this e-mail. It won'ttake long.

a) when b) while c) then

38. ______________________ winning the competition, he wasn’t satisfied.

a) In spite of b) When c) Until

7. Выберите правильную форму глагола. Выбранный вами вариант внесите в лист ответов.

39. If Tom _________________us the job will only take half an hour.

a) helps b) help c) helped d) would help

40. They voted by a show of hands and decided in favour of a strike. But it was by a narrow margin and I think that if they had held a secret ballot there ______________a strike.

a) wasn’t b) wouldn’t c) wouldn’t have been d) won’t be 41. If I (know) his address I'd give it to you.

a) know b) knows c) knew d) would know

42. I haven't got a key but Jack ___________________us in if he is at home.

a) lets b) has let c) let d) will let

43. I didn't recognize him at first because he was wearing dark glasses; if he hadn’t worn them I ______________________ him immediately.

a) would have recognized b) would recognize c) recognized d) will recognize

Чтение

8. Прочитайте текст и определите верны ли приведенные ниже утверждения (А — верно; В — не верно).Выбранный вариант внесите в лист ответов.

Law firms get into shape

1.Until quite recently, even the largest UK-based law firms were fairly loose organisations where partners had considerable personal autonomy. When important management decisions needed to be made.the partners could rely on their shared educational and social backgrounds and their 10 long years of working together to help them reach a common understanding of what needed to be done. This represented the 'glue' that held the firms together. This glue does not work properly any more. In the past 10 years. the leading law firms have expanded rapidly and have grown to accommodate different kinds of lawyers. doing different kinds of work in different ways, with different expectations of their careers and their firms.

2. Law firms have responded to the challenge by developing and implementing more explicit methods of management that can accommodate this new-found complexity. Senior managers have introduced a range of new management systems and structures and have expanded the teams of business services staff to support these initiatives.

3. All of these schemes, while necessary steps on the road to professionalised management, have challenged the traditional bonds that have held these partnerships together. Five to ten years ago, even the largest law firms were no more than adolescents in the area of management, with ambitious ideas about their futures and vast amounts of energy but very limited expertise in developing and executing systematic, long-term strategies. So in spite of (or perhaps because of) this, the leading law firms have been extremely successful. They have made plenty of mistakes, but have expanded at a phenomenal pace while maintaining profitability.

4.And lastly, spare a thought for the partners of Baker & McKenzie on their 'Fit for Life' programme. The firm has introduced a scheme to help its lawyers perform at their best, including a complete review of their well-being – emotionally, physically and mentally. While w all law firms must be aware of the need to get into shape to survive the tough times ahead, Baker & McKenzie seem to have taken the advice literally.

44. Until recently, UK law firms were highly structured. 45.Each partner had a lot of independence. 46. Partners made management decisions by bringing in outside consultants.

47. Partners found it difficult to take decisions because they came from different backgrounds and did not understand each other.

48. The ‘glue’ that held firms together refers to the shared values of the people working there.

49. Law firms have grown quite slowly in the last decade.

50. People working for law firms are now looking for different things in their careers.

9. Переведите письменно 2, 3, 4, абзацы текста.

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