Эксперт по сдаче вступительных испытаний в ВУЗах
TEXT 1
What Is Organic Chemistry?
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.
Organic chemistry is a highly creative science in which chemists create new molecules and explore the properties of existing compounds. It is the most popular field of study for ACS chemists and Ph.D. chemists.Organic compounds are all around us. They are central to the economic growth of the United States in the rubber, plastics, fuel, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, detergent, coatings, dyestuff, and agrichemical industries, to name a few. The very foundations of biochemistry, biotechnology, and medicine are built on organic compounds and their role in life processes. Many modern, high-tech materials are at least partially composed of organic compounds.Organic chemists spend much of their time creating new compounds and developing better ways of synthesizing previously known compounds.
Organic chemists at all levels are generally employed by pharmaceutical, biotech, chemical, consumer product, and petroleum industries. Chemists in industry mainly work in development, while chemists in academia are involved in more basic research.
The chemical industry is crucial to modern world economies and works to convert raw materials such as oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, and minerals into more than 70,000 different products. These base products are then used to make consumer products in addition to manufacturing, service, construction, agriculture, and other industries. Over three-fourths of the chemical industry’s output worldwide is polymers and plastics. Chemicals are used to make a wide variety of consumer goods, as well as thousands of products that are inputs to the agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and service industries. The chemical industry itself consumes about a quarter of its own output. Major industrial customers include rubber and plastic products, textiles, apparel, petroleum refining, pulp and paper, and primary metals.
Consumer products companies make consumer products for everyday use, such as soaps, detergents, cleaning products, plastic goods, and cosmetics.The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting, and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream (exploration and production), midstream (transportation), and downstream (refining crude oil, processing and purifying natural gas, creating petrochemicals).
The pharmaceutical industry develops, produces, and markets drugs licensed for use as medications for humans or animals. Some pharmaceutical companies deal in brand-name (i.e., has a trade name and can be produced and sold only by the company holding the patent) and/or generic (i.e., chemically equivalent, lower-cost version of a brand-name drug) medications and medical devices (agents that act on diseases without chemical interaction with the body). Pharmaceuticals (brand name and generic) and medical devices are subject to a large number of country-specific laws and regulations regarding patenting, testing, safety assurance, efficacy, monitoring, and marketing.
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of-chemistry/organic-chemistry.html
Task 1.Complete the sentences.
- The largest volume products of the industry ___.
- Chemists in industry mainly work in ___.
- Many modern, high-tech materials are___.
- The chemical industry itself consumes ___.
- The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and includes ___.
- The industry is usually divided into three major components ___.
- Organic chemists spend much of their time developing ___.
Task 2. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following word combinations:
- три четверти
- чёрные и цветныеметаллы
- углеродосодержащеесоединение
- сырье
- нефтедобывающая промышленность
- чистящие средства
- известнаямарка
Task 3.Choose the right word or word-combination:
- Organic molecules are described more commonly by ____ or structural formulas, combinations of drawings and chemical symbols.
- a) alloys b) drawings c) plastics
- Physical properties of organic compounds typically of interest ____ both quantitative and qualitative features.
- a) includeb) grew c) develop
- Organic compounds form the basis of all earthly life and constitute a significant part of human _____ in chemistry.
- a) endeavors b) density c) creeps
- During the first half of the nineteenth century, some of the first systematic studies of organic compounds _____.
- a) long chains of molecules b) reported c) were reported
- The majority of chemical compounds occurring in biological organisms are in fact carbon compounds.
- a) majority b) minority c) artificially
Task 4. Answer the questions:
1.What is organic chemistry?
- What is the range of application of organic compounds?
- What do organic chemists create?
- What is the connection betweenthe chemical industry and the modern world economies?
5.What major components of petroleum industry are mentioned?
Task 5.Find the part of the text where it is said about chemical industry. Translate it in writing.
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