Практическая работа по дисциплине «Английский язык» для РОСИ, пример оформления

UNIT 1 SYSTEMS OF LAW Vocabulary Exercise 1. Translate the following word combinations into English.

создавать   — to make изменять   — to change, to alter упразднять – to abolish применять — to apply, to use соблюдать закон- to follow the law вводить —   to enact принять — to adopt, to pass, to enforce нарушать — to break

разрабатывать – to draft подчиняться- to obey придерживаться закона – adhere to the law дополнять – to amend аннулировать – to repeal толковать – to interpret модернизировать – to modernize законодательствовать – to  legislate

  Exercise 2. Fill in the gaps in the sentences which follow with one of the word combinations given above. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. 1. To change the following laws in state of Florida from the day they were voted in as a law by reading and signing this petition.

Изменить следующие законы в штате Флорида с того дня, как за них проголосовали, прочитав и подписав эту петицию.

2. A law to enact the Israeli Patents Law was passed on February 17, 1998.

17 февраля 1998 года был принят закон о введении в действие закона Израиля о патентах.   3.Are there any circumstances in which you could pass a law that you were very strongly opposed to? Существуют ли какие-либо обстоятельства, при которых вы могли бы принять закон, против которых вы были очень решительно настроены?

4. Argentine Senate’s vote to use the country’s amnesty laws is a major victory.

Голосование Сената Аргентины за использование законов об амнистии в стране является одним из главных побед.

5. By Sept. 30 the Federal Assembly would pass a law, which the federal government had already approved.

К 30 сентября Федеральное собрание должно было принять закон, который федеральное правительство уже одобрило.

6. During the course of March anti-abortionists attempted to repeal laws in Guam and Idaho.

В течение марта противники абортов пытались отменить законы на Гуаме и в Айдахо.

7. Germany could repeal a law that forbids the distribution and display of Nazi symbols after a court fined a man for using crossed-out swastikas.

Германия могла отменить/аннулировать  закон, запрещающий распространение и демонстрацию нацистской символики, после того как суд оштрафовал мужчину за использование перечеркнутых свастик.

8. Government of Canada reinstates legislation to make marijuana laws.

Правительство Канады восстанавливает законодательство о принятии законов о марихуане.

9. In case law, judges can either to make _statutory law or apply the common law.

В прецедентном праве судьи могут либо принимать статутное право, либо применять общее право.

10. Part of the function of Parliament is to pass laws, which it does by enacting statutes.

Часть функций парламента заключается в принятии законов, что он и делает, принимая статуты.

11. 11. Some groups in society can follow laws, and can determine what behaviour is seen as criminal.

Некоторые группы общества могут соблюдать законы и определять, какое поведение считается преступным.

12. The government undertook not to adopt or explain laws which could conflict with agreements between the parties.

Правительство обязалось не принимать и не толковать/разъяснять     законы, которые могли бы противоречить соглашениям между сторонами.  

13. To what extent are citizens obligated to obey the law, even if a law is unjust?

В какой мере граждане обязаны соблюдать закон, даже если закон несправедлив?

14. While Jews are commanded to obey hundreds of laws, non-Jews are expected to follow seven that are presumed to date from the time of Noah.

В то время как евреям предписано соблюдать сотни законов, неевреи должны следовать СЕМИ, которые предположительно относятся ко времени Ноя.   Exercise 3. What would happen if there were no laws? Write down 10 sentences. Remember the rules of Conditional II. In my life law is something that makes people create society and live mostly in piece by common rules. People have to be governed by law to avoid illegality and therefore uncontrolled behaviour. What would happen if there were no laws? A lot of people would behave themselves as they wanted, murdering without any punishment, committing vandalism, but for all that escaping blame and conviction. If  there  weren’t any laws, people wouldn’t  have any possibilities to find out what  is right or wrong. No state wouldn’t survive without rules and regulations irrespective of whatever form of government. It would results in chaos and anarchy. Such “state” wouldn’t  exist for a long time. I’d like to notice that first of all law for me means strong order in our society, people’s support and their confidence in the future. All this should be provided by the government by passing necessary laws and people’s strict observance of those rules. It won’t be any state without such conditions. It is my view on law understanding. Exercise 4. If you were to abolish one law what law would it be? If you were to abolish one law it would  be the  Law on raising the retirement age in Russia (from 60 to 65 years for men and from 55 to 60 years for women. I think,  an increase in the retirement age and the absence of a pension will hit                               the incomes of the poor. The rich won’t even notice it, and the poor will get poorer. Villages where entire families live on old people’s pensions will finally die. Besides, increased competition in the labor market will lead to lower wages, which will hit the low-income even harder. In addition, jobs for young people and University graduates will be greatly reduced. Moreover, the birth rate will decrease, because there will be no one to leave the child with. Grandmothers who traditionally look after children will be forced to work. Exercise 5. Comment on the proverb «One law for the rich and another for the poor». Translate it into Russian. Write up to 6-10 sentences. «One law for the rich and another for the poor»- Один закон для богатых, другой для бедных.  (русские пословицы: Закон — что дышло: куда повернул, туда и вышло. Закон, что конь: куда захочешь, туда поворотишь.) It is a sad proverb about the world’s inequality. What is true is that the law often takes the side of money and power. Although formally everyone is equal before the law, some people are still «equal». The richest members of society are given much greater leeway to bend or break the rules of law, while those without money or influence face much harsher consequences. Rich people are sometimes able to escape without punishment when they commit crimes, while poor people are usually punished. Exercise 6. Make a presentation «Systems of law». Up to 5 points. The major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, common law and Slavic law, Islamic law and religious law. However, each country often develops variations on each system or incorporates many other features into the system. Common law systems place great weight on court decisions, which are considered «law» with the same force of law as statutes. By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions (the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, almost all non-Islamic, non-common law countries), judicial precedent is given relatively less weight (which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably), and scholarly literature is given relatively more. For example, the Napoleonic code expressly forbade French judges from pronouncing the law. Common law systems trace their history to England, while civil law systems trace their history to Roman law. Common law is currently in practice in Ireland, most of the United Kingdom (England and Wales and Northern Ireland), Australia, India (excluding Goa), Pakistan, South Africa, Canada (excluding Quebec), Hong Kong and the United States (excluding Louisiana) and many more places. In addition to these countries, several others have adapted the common law system into a mixed system. For example, Nigeria operates largely on a common law system, but incorporates religious law. Civil law is the most widespread system of law in the world. It is also sometimes known as Continental European law. The central source of law that is recognized as authoritative is codifications in a constitution or statute passed by legislature, to amend a code. Civil law systems mainly derive from the Roman Empire, and more particularly, the Corpus Juris Civilis issued by the Emperor Justinian ca. 529AD. This was an extensive reform of the law in the Byzantine Empire, bringing it together into codified documents. Civil law was also partly influenced by religious laws such as Cannon law and Islamic law. Civil law today, in theory, is interpreted rather than developed or made by judges. Only legislative enactments (rather than judicial precedents, as in common law) are considered legally binding. The former Soviet Bloc and other Socialist countries used a Socialist law (Slavic law) system (some of them use civil law system, for example, Lithuania). The opposition between civil law and common law legal systems has become increasingly blurred, with the growing importance of jurisprudence (almost like case law but in name) in civil law countries, and the growing importance of statute law and codes in common law countries. An example of this is the United States, where matters of criminal law, commercial law and procedure have been codified. Scotland is often said to use the civil law system but in fact it has a unique system that combines elements of an uncodified civil law dating back to the Corpus Juris Civilis with an element of common law long predating the Treaty of Union with England in 1707. Scots common law differs in that the use of precedents is subject to the courts seeking to discover the principle which justifies a law rather than to search for an example as a precedent and that the principles of natural justice and fairness have always formed a source of Scots Law.