Реферат по языкознанию и филологии на тему «Музыкальные стили 20-го века», МУИВ

20th century music styles

Introduction

Each type of art receives a «palm of primacy» at a certain stage in its development. For example, the Renaissance is called the «golden age» of painting, XIX century. associated with the brightest flowering of literature, XX century. considered the age of music. These definitions indicate how true this or that type of artistic activity is able to reflect the worldview of the era, the spiritual aspirations of humanity, its hopes and its illusions. Musical art of the XX century, as an integral part of the spiritual culture of society, is characterized by an intense search for new means of expression, experimentation, a large number of stylistic trends. One of the characteristic features of world history is the close interaction of cultures of different countries of the world, which up to this point have developed separately. That is why European music is strongly influenced by the musical cultures of the peoples of the world and is marked by an extreme variety of stylistic directions and trends, of which the most famous are neo-romanticism (Gustav Mahler, Sergei Rachmaninov), neoclassicism (Paul Hindemit, Ferruccio Buzoni, Benjamin Minot, Benjamin Bella Bartok), Neo-Impressionism (Olivier Mes-Sian), Expressionism (Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Weber, Alban Berg), etc.

Music development

Of great importance for the development of music was the emergence and distribution of sound and film. The first power tools open to a new perspective on the nature and possibilities of sound. In the 1920s, futurists attempted to bring noise to the musical art. Jazz is becoming a popular musical culture in the CIL and the countries of Europe. In the second half of XX century. the first electronic experimental studios emerge, new trends in music emerge: rock and roll, pop. Music groups such as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Deep Purple, AC / DC, ABBA and many others have gained worldwide fame. Contemporary music culture can be divided into music of an elitist nature (traditional classics together with new avant-garde directions of the second half of XX century, the vast majority of jazz directions) and music which became a part of the so-called mass culture (pop music, traditional variety and music hall). . A special place is given to rock music, which has a variety of currents related to both the first and second spheres. The last quarter of XX century. Is the heyday of music of postmodernism, which becomes a spectacle, a product of mass consumption. Characteristic features are a combination of different musical styles and genres, polystyrene, blurring the lines between «high art» and kitsch. Listening to works of the academic genre, be it sonatas or symphonies, jazz improvisations, or piano miniatures, sets those who perceive this music to «immerse themselves». The moment of true enjoyment of the music comes when the listener finds in the depths of his / her self a response to the emotional state he / she feels in the work. Musical means of expressiveness of a rock composition or a pop song in their complexity sometimes are not inferior even to symphonies, but music of this kind in general is another audience — people energetic, active, living mainly by external impulses. They expect strong emotions from the music and, if received, generously give their musician their spiritual strength. Rock concerts or pop shows are a powerful means of communication, so it is understandable attraction to the gigantic concert venues — urban squares, stadiums and more. By the way, nowadays, academic outdoor music concerts are becoming more popular and sometimes gathering an audience that exceeds the number of rock fans. For example, the choral music festivals, which are held annually in the German city of Halle in honor of the German composer Georg Handel, with thousands of choral fans, are a clear confirmation.

Jazz

Jazz as a style trend was born in the early XX century. in New Orleans (USA). Its sources are improvisational forms of African-American folklore: spirituals, blues, ragtime and dance music of white immigrants, that is, it is an amalgamation of elements of two musical traditions of African and European. The influence of «white» culture is felt in melody and harmony. From African music jazz inherited a complex rhythmic structure, «shaky» pitch, characteristic timbre of sound, a manner of performance, which is inherent in the immersion in the music. Can jazz be called entertaining music? How do you understand the saying that «jazz is not performed but created»? Why is it difficult to accurately play jazz music from a music recording? The basis of jazz is improvisation. The jazz composition of the notes convey the content of this music very far; Every new generation of jazz musicians has mastered this style with records. The impact of jazz on the development of the entire musical culture is enormous. Based on it, rhythm and blues originated and a number of rock and pop directions, intonations and techniques of jazz were used by many composers around the world, jazz revived the most important purpose of musical art — to unite people.

«Rock music»

The concept of «rock music» was formed around the second half of the 60’s of XX century. Until now, its constituents did not have a common name, they were considered separate trends of the so-called «youth music». The term «rock» is a short name for «rock and roll» — the first step in the chronological steps of the development of this direction. Sometimes all rock music is referred to as rock and roll music, which is not completely untrue. The most important directions of rock music were: rhythm and blues, rock and roll, big beat, folk rock and country rock, psychedelic rock, hard rock, art rock and others. To some extent, this is the end of the first, most fruitful period of rock and zika development. Further directions either refined the creative work of the already existing styles, or approached the so-called pop music. Rhythm and Blues is the music of the African American SINA population, which combined dance beat (beat) and urban (urban) blues. The poet Langston Hughes wrote: «Blues have always impressed me with infinitely sad music … This is because in blues bitterness is not softened by tears, but, on the contrary, angry laughter is absurd, contradictory laughter. Rock and roll (English — «spin and swing») is based on rhythm and blues. The term rock and roll, coined by American disc-jock Alan Fried, was borrowed from the jargon of African Americans. But the new name made it possible for her to include «white» musicians who brought their own musical traditions. In the 50s of XX century. rock and roll was formed as an independent musical direction. It was both a new musical style and a new dance. American singer Elvis Presley is recognized as the rock and roll king. Country rock and folk rock are in many ways related to rock music. Country rock (from the English countryside) is a country music performance accompanied by traditional year-round power tools. The birth of folk-rock is associated with the performance of renowned rock musician Bob Dylan at the Newport Folk Festival (1965), accompanied by electric guitars. In fact, the folk-rock melody line is inspired by the traditional song, enhanced by the high electronic volume. Psychedelic rock was a musical reflection of the hippie movement — the «fly-power» (English — «Flower power») and rightly associated with drugs.

Disco

Disco (English — «disco») — a genre of dance music, which originated in the early 1970’s. European disco is closely intertwined with the traditional variety and general trends of pop music. The disco-style composition runs at a rate of about 120 beats per minute. Electronic music — a term that defines music created with electronic equipment. One of the most prominent representatives of this genre is considered by Jean Mieiel Jarre. Mass culture (or: musculature, pop culture, popular culture) is a culture popular among the general public in this society and mostly commercially successful, with elements everywhere: cooking, clothing, consumption, the media, entertainment (e.g. , in sports and music) — contrasting with «elitist culture». An elitist culture is a culture of privileged groups of society characterized by principled secrecy, spiritual aristocracy and value-meaning self-sufficiency. A type of culture characterized by the production of cultural values, specimens that, by virtue of their exclusivity, are calculated and accessible to a largely narrow circle of people (elites). its basic ideal is the formation of consciousness ready for active transformative activity and creativity in accordance with the objective laws of reality.

Popular music

The name «pop» comes from the abbreviated phrase «popular music». It is used in different meanings depending on the context:

• Broadly speaking — as a whole music of the entertainment genre;
• in a narrow sense — how music generated by the so-called mass culture is accessible to the general public and is distributed on a commercial basis, popularized by the media;
• in a sense that comes close to the word “distributed music”; then pop music includes the most famous works of various genres: symphonic, chamber instrumental, opera, etc.

Conclusion

The 20th century saw dramatic innovations in musical forms and styles. Composers and songwriters explored new forms and sounds that challenged the previously accepted rules of music of earlier periods, such as the use of altered chords and extended chords in 1940s-era Bebop jazz. The development of powerful, loud guitar amplifiers and sound reinforcement systems in the 1960s and 1970s permitted bands to hold large concerts where even those with the least expensive tickets could hear the show. Composers and songwriters experimented with new musical styles, such as genre fusions (e.g., the late 1960s fusion of jazz and rock music to create jazz fusion). As well, composers and musicians used new electric, electronic, and digital instruments and musical devices. In the 1980s, some styles of music, such as electronic dance music genres such as house music were created largely with synthesizers and drum machines. Faster modes of transportation such as jet flight allowed musicians and fans to travel more widely to perform or hear shows, which increased the spread of musical styles.

Literature

1. Grant, Morag Josephine. 2003. «Experimental Music Semiotics». International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 34, no. 2 (December)
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