Эксперт по сдаче вступительных испытаний в ВУЗах
МОДУЛЬ 3
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУПП: SIMPLE, CONTINUOUS, PERFECT В АКТИВНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ
Задание 1. Ознакомьтесь с теоретическим грамматическим материалом. Будьте готовы ответить на поставленные вопросы.
Для выражения времени совершения действия – настоящего, прошедшего и будущего – английский глагол обладает целой системой глагольных времен (Tenses). Мы рассмотрим три группы времен английских глаголов: Simple (простые), Continuous (длительные), Perfect (совершенные).
- Simple Tenses обозначают (факт) обычное действие, констатацию факта совершения действия, регулярно повторяющееся действие, происходящее вообще в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем. В русском языке этим временам соответствуют времена глагола как совершенного, так и несовершенного вида, в зависимости от контекста.
C временами
группы Simple часто употребляются наречия (слова-спутники):
Present Simple: usually – обычно; often – часто; daily – ежедневно, rarely = seldom – редко, sometimes – иногда, every (day) – каждый (день); always – всегда, this month (week, year) – в этом месяце (на этой неделе, в этом году).
Past Simple: yesterday – вчера, last month (week, year) – в прошлом месяце (на прошлой неделе, в прошлом году); ago– тому назад, in 1812.
Future Simple: tomorrow – завтра, next month – в следующем месяце (week, year) – на следующей неделе, в будущем году, in a year – через год, in 2057.
Simple Tenses (Простые времена)
| Утвердительная форма |
| Present (настоящее) |
Past (прошедшее) |
Future (будущее) |
|
| I work. -Я работаю.
He works.
She works.
It works.
We work.
You work.
They work. |
I worked. -Я работал
He worked.
She worked.
It worked.
We worked.
You worked.
They worked. |
I shall work.- Я буду работать.
He will work.
She will work.
It will work.
We shall work.
You will work.
They will work. |
| Вопросительная форма |
| Do you work?
Yes, I do.
No, I don’t.
Does he work?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’t. |
Did you work?
Yes, I did.
No, I didn’t.
Did he work?
Yes, he did.
No, he didn’t. |
Will you work?
Yes, I shall.
No, I shan’t.
Will he work?
Yes, he will.
No, he won’t |
| Отрицательная форма |
| I don’t work.
He doesn’t work. |
I didn’t work.
He didn’t work. |
I shan’t work.
He won’t work. |
Continuous Tenses (Длительные времена)
| to be + ing — форма смыслового глагола |
|
Времена группы Continuous означают действие, которое протекает в определенный момент или отрезок времени (в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем). Они описывают действие в процессе его совершения. В русском языке этим временам соответствуют времена глагола несовершенного вида.
Present Continuous: употребляются слова-спутники: now — сейчас, at present – сейчас, в настоящее время, at this moment – в данный момент, at 5 p.m., from 8 till 10 a.m. – с 8 до 10 утра.
Past Continuous: at that time (at 5 o’clock, from 7 till 10) yesterday – в это время (в 5 часов, с 7 до 10) вчера, the whole evening (day) – весь вечер (день) или другое действие “when he came” (когда он пришел).
Future Continuous: аt that time (at 5 o’clock, from 7 till 10) tomorrow – в это время (в 5 часов, с 7 до 10) завтра, the whole day tomorrow – весь день завтра.
| Present |
Past |
Future |
| I am reading
Я читаю
He is reading
She is reading
We are reading
You are reading
They are reading |
I was reading
Я читал
He was reading
She was reading
We were reading
You were reading
They were reading |
I shall be reading
Я буду читать
He will be reading
She will be reading
We shall be reading
You will be reading
They will be reading |
| Вопросительная форма |
| Are you reading?
Yes, I am.
No, I amn’t
Is he reading?
Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t. |
Were you reading?
Yes’ I was.
No, I wasn’t.
Was he reading?
Yes’ he was.
No’ he wasn’t. |
Will you be reading?
Yes, I shall.
No, I shan’t.
Will he be reading?
Yes, he will.
No, he won’t. |
| Отрицательная форма |
| I am not reading.
He is not reading. |
I was not reading.
He was not reading. |
I shan’t be reading.
He won’t be reading. |
Perfect Tenses (Совершенные времена)
|
|
| to have + 3 форма смыслового глагола
|
|
Времена группы Perfect выражают действие, совершенное к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошлом и будущем. В русском языке этим временам соответствуют времена глагола совершенного вида.
Present Perfect: употребляются слова-спутники:
today – сегодня;
this week (month, year) – на этой неделе (в этом месяце, году);
already– уже; ever – когда-нибудь; just – только что; never – никогда; not…yet – ещё не;lately – недавно; since – с того момента; recently – недавно
Past и Future Perfect:
by 5 o’clock – к 5 часам;
by that time – к тому времени
by the end of the week – к концу недели.
Утвердительная форма
| Present |
Past |
Future |
| I have read – я прочитал
He has read
She has read
We have read
You have read
They have read |
I had read – я прочитал
He had read
She had read
We had read
You had read
They had read |
I shall have read – я прочитаю
He will have read
She will have read
We shall have read
You will have read
They will have read |
| Вопросительная форма |
| Have you read the text?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t. |
Had you read the text?
Yes, I had.
No, I hadn’t. |
Will you have read the text?
Yes, I shall.
No, I shan’t |
| Отрицательная форма |
| I have not read the text. |
I had not read the text. |
I shall not have read the text. |
Пять типов вопросительных предложений
He works much.
He worked at the chemist’s shop yesterday.
He will work next week.
1)
общий вопрос
Does he work much?
Did he work at the chemist’s shop yesterday?
Will he work next week?
2)
альтернативный вопрос
Does he work much
or little?
Did he work at the chemist’s shop yesterday
or 2 days ago?
Will he work next week
or next month?
3)
разделительный вопрос
He works much,
doesn’t he?
He worked at the chemist’s shop yesterday,
didn’t he?
He will work next week,
won’t he?
4)
специальный вопрос
How
does he work?
When
did he work at the chemist’s shop? Where did he work yesterday?
When
will he work?
5)
вопрос к подлежащему
Who
works much?
Who
worked at the chemist’s shop yesterday?
Who
will work next week?
Вопросы для контроля знания грамматического материала:
- Назовите особенности образования и употребления группы времен Simple.
- Назовите особенности перевода сказуемых в Continuous.
- Для обозначения каких действий употребляются сказуемые в Perfect?
- Перечислите слова-спутники сказуемых в Perfect.
Практическая часть модуля 3
Задание 2. Make the sentences negative and interrogative and give the short answers. Translate them into Russian.
1.The weather changes very often. 2. Most of all I like English. 3. They suggest a new plan. 4. One person out of six in the world knows English nowadays. 5. Some students join students’ scientific societies in the first year. 6. Journals usually cover major studies. 7. My working day begins at 6 o’clock in the morning.
Задание 3. Make the sentences negative and interrogative and give the short answers. Translate them into Russian.
- John wrote letters to his friends. 2. My father worked at an office. 3. She stayed in bed with pneumonia. 4. Nick went to the chemist’s shop two days ago. 5. We read many English books last year. 6. His sister took the medicine three times a day. 7. In ancient times physicians used herbs to treat patients.
Задание 4. Translate the sentences into Russian. Define the predicate.
- English is becoming a universal language on our planet. 2. We were writing our test paper from ten till half past eleven yesterday.3. He is still taking his digitalis. 4. These two substances are interacting with each other quickly. 5. These students will be obtaining pure hydrogen. 6. Students are describing the properties of bacteria now. 7. Tomorrow at 9 o’clock we shall be taking our exam in organic chemistry.
Задание 5. Translate the sentences into Russian. Define the predicate.
- The girl has given her friend a report on vitamins. 2. I hadn’t done my work in the chemical laboratory by 5 p.m. yesterday. 3. The lesson has not finished yet.
- They had found a new method of extracting pure penicillin. 5. You will have read this article by the evening. 6. They had prepared everything by the time I came. 7. Our students will have carried out their experiments by the end of this month.
Задание 5. Read and translate the text.
PHARMACY AS A SCIENCE
Pharmacy as a science is generalization of related branches of science studying different fields of knowledge about medical remedies.
The word “pharmacy” is also used to designate the place where medicines are compounded, dispensed and sold.
Pharmacology is broadly defined as the science of drugs. A Pharmacopoeia is a book containing a list of medicinal substances with description, tests and formulas for preparing the same. The Pharmacopoeia describes also the proper method of packaging and storing the drug to prevent or retard deterioration.
Pharmacognosy is the science which embraces the history, source, cultivation, collection, preparation, distribution, identification, composition, purity and preservation of drugs of vegetable and animal origin.
All these subjects define the pharmacist’s field of work.
The profession of pharmacist demands special knowledge, experience and high professional standards.
Задание 6. Задайте пять типов вопросов к данному предложению:
The Pharmacopoeia describes the proper method of packaging and storing the drug.
Progress check
Укажите номер варианта, соответствующего подчёркнутому слову в русском предложении.
| 1. Он учится в институте. |
1. study
2. is studying
3. has studied
4. studies |
| 2. Я буду готовить доклад завтра. |
1. make
2. will make
3. shall make
4. shall be making |
| 3. Доктор уже измерил температуру. |
1. has taken
2. have taken
3. took
4. had taken |
| 4. Он осматривал больных с 5 до 7 часов. |
1. examined
2. has examined
3. had examined
4. was examining |
| 5. Я отправил письмо вчера.
|
1. sent
2. has sent
1. was sending
2. send |
| 6. Хирург снял швы к тому времени. |
1. removed
2. was removing
3. has removed
4. had removed |
| 7. Мы сдадим экзамены к концу недели. |
1. shall pass
2. shall have passed
3. will have passed
4. shall be passing |
| 8. Она сейчас пишет доклад. |
1. writes
2. write
3. has written
4. is writing |
| 9. Мои друзья живут в Москве. |
1. are living
2. lives
3. live
4. have lived |
| 10. Я буду оперировать в это время завтра. |
1. shall operate
2. will be operating
3. shall be operating
4. shall have operated |
| 11. Они только что закончили работу. |
1. has finished
2. finished
3. have finished
4. had finished |
| 12. Студенты перевели статью к концу недели. |
1. had translated
2. have translated
3. were translating
4. translated |
| 13. Он спал весь вечер.
|
1. slept
2. was sleeping
3. were sleeping
4. has slept |
| 14. Прошлым летом я работал в больнице. |
1. worked
2. has worked
3. had worked
4. was working |
| 15. Он сейчас учит слова. |
1. was learning
2. learns
3. is learning
4. will be learning |
| 16. Я напишу письмо завтра. |
1. will write
2. will be writing
3. shall write
4. shall have written |
Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите сказуемое.
- We entered the Medical Academy last year.
- I shall get up at 6 o’clock tomorrow.
- They have just come back home.
- Pharmaceutical students study a lot of Chemistry.
- I have never been to London.
- We are writing a test now.
- The nurse was making an injection when I came.
- They will have finished his work by Monday.
- He had read this book by the end of the week.
- My friend will be preparing for the Chemistry class at that time tomorrow.
- She has already finished her work.
- Once a week I go to the Chemical laboratory.
- I shall have written my report by 5 o’clock tomorrow.
- My sister was reading the whole day yesterday.
- He returned home an hour ago.
- She works much.
- I have not seen my friend since March.
- The patient is sleeping now.
- The doctor will examine this child tomorrow.
- He had completed his work by the end of the week.
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