Самостоятельная работа по дисциплине «Английский язык» для ОрГМУ

МОДУЛЬ 8   PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION. ANNOTATION: LOPRESOR НЕЛИЧНАЯ ФОРМА ГЛАГОЛА: ИНФИНИТИВ   Теоретическая часть  Ознакомьтесь с теоретическим  грамматическим материалом. Будьте готовы ответить на  вопросы. Инфинитив Инфинитив – неопределенная форма глагола, неличная форма глагола, которая только называет действие, не указывая ни лица, ни числа. Инфинитив отвечает на вопросы что делать?, что сделать? Формальным признаком инфинитива является частичка to. Формы инфинитива

Active	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
	to write писать	to be writing писать сейчас	to have written написать	to have been writing писать (уже)
Passive	to be written писаться	—	to have been written быть написанным	—

  Функции в предложении: 1) подлежащее: To study English is necessary.- It is necessary to study English.-Изучать английский необходимо. 2 ) часть сказуемого: Our task is to study English. -.Наша задача – изучать английский. He can study.- Он может учиться. He will study at the pharmaceutical department . – Он будет учиться на фармацевтическом факультете. 3) дополнение: He likes to study.- Он любит заниматься. He began to study. — Он начал заниматься. 4) обстоятельство:You must know many words  to translate English papers.- Вы должны знать много слов, чтобы переводить английские статьи. 5) определение: He was the first to make the experiment. — Он был первым, кто провел этот эксперимент. The medicine to be taken has already been prescribed by the doctor. – Лекарство, которое необходимо принять уже было выписано врачом. NB! Инфинитив в функции определения в страдательном залоге переводится будущим временем или долженствованием. The drug to be used has some side effects.- Лекарство, которое будут применять, имеет побочное действие. The problem to be solved is quite new. — Проблема,  которую нужно решить, совершенно новая. The boy to be operated on is rather weak. — Мальчик, которого будут оперировать, очень (довольно) слаб.   Практическая часть модуля 8   Задание 1. Ответьте на поставленные вопросы:

1. Что такое инфинитив. Дайте определение.
2. Назовите грамматические особенности инфинитива.
3. Какие функции выполняет инфинитив в предложении?
4. Назовите основные способы перевода инфинитива на русский язык.

  Задание 2. Read and translate the sentences. Define the function of Infinitive.

1. A low drug load may cause homogeneity problems.
2. It is also important to check whether there are any unwanted interactions between the preparation and the container.
3. Studies have to be carried out to ensure that the drug is compatible with these other substances.
4. Even the adhesives for the container label need to be tested, to ensure they do not leach through the plastic container into the preparation.
5. The drug must be combined with inactive additives.

  Задание 3. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to Infinitive.

1. It is sometimes necessary to split tables into halves or quarters.
2. Pills can be coated with sugar, varnish, or wax to disguise the taste.
3. Tablet presses may also be used to form tablets out of a wide variety of materials, from powdered metals to cookie crumbs.
4. Tetracyclines are antibiotic drugs used mainly to treat respiratory infections.
5. Terpin hydrate is used to inhibit cough and expectoration in chronic bronchitis.
6. To learn English is necessary in modern life.
7. He asked us to help.
8. To make the choice between these two medicines was quite difficult.
9. It is important to take Digoxin exactly as prescribed.
10. Codein may be habit forming.

Задание 4. Read and learn the words.

formulation – состав, рецепт to involve –  включать в себя; заключать; подразумевать stable –  стабильный, устойчивый acceptable – приемлимый incorporate – соединять, смешивать to appreciate – понимать значение, ценить apart from – кроме, помимо to carry out – проводить, выполнять to ensure –  обеспечивать, гарантировать compatible – совместимый bioavailability – биопригодность, биополезность additive – продукт присоединения consistent – твердый; стойкий; совместимый

disintegration – распад; разделение на составные части trial – испытание to commence – начинать(ся) hand-filled – наполненный вручную proof – доказательство; проба drug load – лекарственная загрузка to cause – вызывать, причинять homogeneity – однородность to pose – формулировать, предлагать bulk density – плотность основной массы to invalidate – считать неполноценным, делать неспособным to leach out – выщелачивать adhesive – клей; липкий, связывающий

  Задание 5. Read and translate the text. Fulfill the tasks after the text. PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION Pharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which different chemical substances are combined to a pure drug substance to produce a final medicinal product. Formulation studies involve developing a preparation of the drug which is both stable and acceptable to the patient. For orally taken drugs, this usually involves incorporating the drug into a tablet or a capsule. It is important to appreciate that a tablet contains a variety of other substances apart from the drug itself, and studies have to be carried out to ensure that the drug is compatible with these other substances. Preformulation involves the characterization of a drug’s physical, chemical, and mechanical properties in order to choose what other ingredients should be used in the preparation. Formulation studies then consider such factors as particle size, polymorphism, pH, and solubility, as all of these can influence bioavailability and hence the activity of drug. The drug must be combined with inactive additives by a method which ensures that the quantity of drug present is consistent in each dosage unit,  e.g. each tablet. The dosage should have a uniform appearance, with an acceptable taste, tablet hardness, or capsule disintegration. It is unlikely that these studies will be complete by the time clinical trials commence. This means that simple preparations are developed initially for use in phase I clinical trials. These typically consist of hand-filled capsules containing a small amount of the drug and diluents. Proof of the long-term stability of these formulations is not required, as they will be used (tested) in a matter of days. Consideration has to be given to what is called the drug load – the ratio of the active drug to the total contents of the dose. A low drug load may cause homogeneity problems. A high drug load may pose flow problems or require large capsules if the compound has a low bulk density. By the time phase III clinical trials are reached, the formulation of the drug should have been developed to be close to the preparation that will ultimately be used in the market. Knowledge of stability is essential by this stage, and conditions must have been developed to ensure that the drug is stable in the preparation. If the drug proves unstable, it will invalidate the results from clinical trials since it would be impossible to know what the administered dose actually was. Stability studies are carried out to test whether temperature, humidity, oxidation, or photolysis (ultraviolet light or visible light) have any effect, and the preparation is analyzed to see if any degradation products have been formed. It is also important to check whether there are any unwanted interactions between the preparation and the container. If a plastic container is used, tests are carried out to see whether any of the ingredients become absorbed on to the plastic, and whether any plasticizers, lubricants, pigments, or stabilizers leach out of the plastic into the preparation. Even the adhesives for the container label need to be tested, to ensure they do not leach through the plastic container into the preparation.   Tasks:

1. Read, translate and explain the meaning of the prefixes.

Unwanted, interactions, preformulation, polymorphism, inactive, disintegration, unlikely, unstable, impossible, ensure, unlikely, Dosage, compatible, appearance, stability, formulation, factor, typically, active, essential, container, temperature, humidity.

2. Find in the text antonyms to the following words.

Initial product, mixed substance, unstable drug, active additives, similar appearance, tablet softness, short-term stability, high bulk density, possible, wanted interactions.

3. Answer the questions to the text.
   1. What is pharmaceutical formulation?
   2. What do formulation studies involve?
   3. What does preformulation involve?
   4. What factors do formulation studies then consider?
   5. What can influence bioavailability and hence the activity of drug?
   6. The dosage should have a uniform appearance, with an acceptable taste, tablet hardness, or capsule disintegration, shouldn’t it?
   7. What is called the drug load?
   8. What problems may cause a low drug load?
   9. May a high drug load pose flow problems or require large capsules if the compound has a low bulk density?
   10. Why are stability studies carried out?
   11. Is it also important to check whether there are any unwanted interactions between the preparation and the container? Why?
   12. Make a plan of your own. Give a shot summary of the text.

Задание 6. Read and translate the annotation. Be ready to answer the questions after the text. LOPRESOR Задание 1. Обратите внимание на следующие слова для более точного понимания текста: adverse reactions – побочные действия (неблагоприятные реакции) to be well tolerated – быть хорошо переносимым heart failure – сердечная недостаточность palpitation – сердцебиение in isolated cases – в отдельных случаях Задание 2. Прочтите текст, найдите и переведите без словаря названия заболеваний, при которых рекомендуется данное лекарственное средство.   Presentation. Metoprolol tartrate: tablets of 20 mg, 40 mg and 100 mg; sustained-release  tablets of 100 mg; ampoules of 5 mg. Indication. Hypertension, angina pectoris, disturbances of cardiac rhythm, myocardial infarction, functional heart disorders, prevention of migrane, hyperthyroidism. Dosage. Dosage range: oral forms 100-400 mg daily, intravenous form 5-15 mg depending on indication. Contraindications. Known hypersensitivity to metoprolol and related derivatives, atrioventricular block of second or third degree, sick-sinus syndrome, decompensated heart failure, clinically relevant sinus bradycardia, severe  peripheral arterial circulatory disorders, cardiogenic shock. Obstructive pulmonary disease when administering ampoules. Precautions. Obstructive pulmonary diseases. Patients with heart failure should have their decompensation treated both before and during treatment with Lopresor.  A-V conduction disorders, bradycardia, peripheral arterial circulatory disorders, liver cirrhosis. Calcium antagonists of the verapamil type should not be administered in combination with Lopresor.  Concomitant use with inhalation anaesthetics, MAO inhibitors, anti-arrythmics, antidiabetics, prasozin.  When discontinuing treatment, the drug should be withdrawn gradually.  Pregnancy, lactation. Road-users. Adverse reactions.  Lopresor is generally well tolerated. Occasionally bradycardia, postural disorders, dyspnea; gastrointestinal disturbances may occur. Cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, oedema, palpitation, Raynaud’s phenomenon, depression, skin rash, bronchospasm are rare. Disturbances of cardiac condition, precordial pain, gangrene, hallucinations, hepatitis, disturbances of potency, disturbances of vision and hearing, arthritis, thrombocytopenia occur in isolated cases.   Задание 3. Прочтите и переведите без словаря раздел Adverse reactions, опираясь на знание латыни. Задание 4. Объясните значение слов латинского и греческого происхождения, которые используются в медицине без перевода: гипертензия, галлюцинации, гипертиреоидизм, интравенозный, гипeрсензитивность, синусовая брадикардия, кардиогенный шок, обструктивное легочное заболевание, антагонисты кальция, лактация, аритмия, эдема, пальпитация, депрессия, бронхоспазм, гангрена,  гепатит, артрит, тромбоцитопения.