Контрольная работа по дисциплине «Английский язык» для ТулГУ

Контрольная работа заочника   по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский язык)» на тему «Анализ «умной энергетики умного города» — обзор» See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323734438 ANALYSIS OF SMART ENERGY SUPPLY TO SMART CITY – REVIEW   Abstract: The Smart City concept includes Smart Energy consideration with preferable usage of renewable energy sources, especially solar roof-top PV power plants. Electric vehicles may be considered as energy storage units, thus enabling in-grid PV plant structure. The paper introduces an active role of EVs during their stay at the parking lots inside the Smart Buildings, i.e. to combine electric generation from PVs and storage possibilities of EVs for extensive energy exchange. In that way new business opportunities are proposed (G2V, V2G, V2V, V2Bd, Bd2V, Bd2Bd, G2Bd and Bd2G). Keywords: Smart City, Smart Energy, Electric vehicles, Solar PV plants and Smart Parking.

1. Introduction

  Fast digitalization of information technologies, improvements in computer industry and especially in Internet interconnections have developed a huge number of opportunities for new role of existing systems and establishment of new systems, clusters or groups. Internet-of-Things (IoT) is now connecting different devices in a home and giving them possibility to interact each with other, making living more comfortable and their operation more efficient and usable. Smart phones, with constant Internet connection and on-line applications enable exchange of all kind of information and services, including control of IoT devices. Smart home and smart building are integrating different operating functions (lightning, heating, home appliances control, etc.), saving energy and making it more self- sustainable. Smart Health is enabling faster, wider and more reliable access to health services and swift first aid for the citizens in need. Smart Retail is giving advanced opportunities for small and medium enterprises (S/M business), better choice of goods and more customized food and other products distribution and supply, and as such offering more jobs and working places. Smart Mobility or Smart Transport (public and personal) within a city is providing accurate information about the arrival and availability of public transport and offering assistance for car parking. Smart energy concept is connecting district heating/cooling, gas distribution, water management with electricity distribution management system (DMS) enabling control and energy supply operations on a more efficient way, with much higher reliability, security of supply, but also with possibility of connection of distributed generation and price cutting. There are other devices, machines and other items that are becoming „smart“, making our work more competitive and efficient, but also our lives more enjoyable. Smart city is actually integrating all these functions, but also giving a number of additional features to make living in a city much better [1, 2, 3]. Fig.1 is presenting an illustration of such smart city concept [4]. Figure 1. Concept of a Smart City – Smart Energy and Smart Mobility features [4]. Nowadays, electrical energy is considered as the most convenient for modern life, especially for a Smart City, as it is clean in its nature, and may be converted in any other type of energy with high and without  any greenhouse gasses (GHG) emission or leftovers and may provide power for a wide variety of machines, devices and equipments. Furthermore, it is easily available from renewable energy sources making it very attractive for fighting the climate changes and contributing to decrease of green-house gasses emission in large populated areas and cities. In that sense, modern power system is gradually transforming according to the Smart Grids concept using deregulation, organization in micro grids, distributed generation, RES sources and advanced communication and information (Big Data) infrastructure. Therefore, in this paper only electrical energy will be considered for Smart Energy supply.       Urban traffic is considered as one of the major air- pollution sources, due to usage of large number of vehicles with internal combustion engine (ICE). To reduce the gas emission, electrical or hybrid drive trains have replaced the ICE [5]. City transportation will be soon based mainly on electrical propulsion supplied by electrical energy stored in on-board batteries.       The aim of the paper is to discuss clean energy supply as a part of Smart Energy concept for the new, upcoming electric transportation sector in the Smart City environment (Fig. 1), but taking into account existing electric distribution network, major transportation routes within the city, available parking spaces and other factors which may have effects in this concept.  

2. Urbanization

  In 1950 about 65% of the population worldwide lived in rural settlements and 35% in cities and this number will be reversed8 by 2050, where 70% will be urban and 30% rural. Almost 6 billion people will be living in urban areas by 2050. Figure 2.1 reflects the projections of urban populous by the year 2050. This urbanization trend is present across all regions albeit at different rates of growth. Comparing the projected rate of growth (figure 2.2) of urban populations across regions, it is clear that countries of low income categories will confront far more rapid urban population growth than that of higher income countries [16].  

3. Solar PV Generation

  To enable Smart Electrical Energy supply for the consumers in the Smart City existing power system structure (vertical organization of transmission and distribution network) needs to be rearranged in more meshed type according to deregulation and distributed generation concept. This topic has been treated in many scientific papers and books [6, 7]. Clean energy supply is possible only if renewable energy sources (RES) are considered. Within the Smart City, in densely populated areas (down town), huge wind turbine, large-area hydro power plants, deep well geothermal plants or bio-gas production plants are not appropriate for electricity generation. On the other hand, light solar photo-voltaic (PV) structures can be easily mounted on the public buildings´ roofs, on top of commercial or sport centres, shopping malls, industry halls, over the open-space on parking lots, etc. Roof-top PV plants may be used as in-grid or off-grid PV systems. In the first case, all produced energy is generated into the existing (public) electrical network, without any storage or in-house usage. Off-grid systems generate energy for self consumption and battery storage, with or without possibility to handover the surplus of the electricity into the public grid. The former systems are more convenient, as they require lower investment and maintenance costs. A schematic of such system presenting an actual PV system is given in Fig. 2 [8]. Detailed studies on the roof-top PV power plants capacities showed that between 22% – 56% of all annually consumed electrical energy power may be substituted from such power sources [9,10,11]. Furthermore, implementation of these plants may reduce transmission power losses, which may range from 10% up to 30% [9]. However, the problem is that generated energy is of variable power and that it changes during daily hours and by the month of the year, following solar irradiation variation. The Fig. 3 presents monthly comparison of consumed electrical energy of all loads in the city of Subotica (red bars) with generated energy by the roof-top PV plants (blue bar). It can be seen that in some periods there are positive balance, i.e. that generation is greater that consumption. In that sense, some energy storage capacity will stabilize performance and enable better utilization of generated energy. But, electricity storage batteries are expensive and of relatively short life cycle.  

4. Smart Lighting

  Increased environmental and regulatory pressures toward energy efficiency increase the cost of energy. Many Countries are trying to improve their street lighting operations and infrastructure. Street lighting consumes as much as 40 percent of energy consumption. Legacy High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lights and their supporting infrastructure are particularly inefficient and often operate for up to 12 hours a day at full intensity. With HPS, streetlights often having a short life span— around five years, so it’s not uncommon for operators to replace approximately 20 percent of these lights each year. . This leads to unpredictable services and maintenance costs. To address these issues, many operators are moving to new, energy-efficient LED-based streetlights which enable lower energy use coupled with providing IP connectivity and IoT sensors into the lighting infrastructure to provide remote management and monitoring. Smart street lighting requires new, smart/connected luminaries and power units (ballasts) to be fitted. Smart street lighting requires new, smart/connected luminaries and power units (ballasts) to be fitted. In collaboration with our partners, the HPE Universal IoT Platform is capable of managing a smart lighting solution that leverages both HPS lights and new LED-based lights.  

5. Smart Parking Concept

  Today, smart parking includes total control of all parking spaces with street displays or mobile phone applications about location and number of available free parking places. Advanced applications have short-time booking and guidance to the free parking place with lightning control inside the parking lot. Also, security monitoring and car finder features are available [12]. Fig. 5 presents a scheme of one of such systems available on the market [13]. Perspectives for future urban areas transportation predict that electrical transportation will be dominant [5], as it offers numerous advantages regarding energy efficiency, environmental issues, low noise and GHG emission. For realization of this goal, large production of electric vehicles (EV) and building infrastructure of electrical energy supplying stations are needed. For building the infrastructure, criteria for selecting the most suitable locations for their placement have been set and a lot of research results have been presented. Numerous public charging stations are built all around the Europe, USA and other developed countries. Their map with indication of exact location is presented at the Plug Share (EV Charging stations map) web site [14]. Many of these locations are at the parking spaces, so their role may become more important. However, the smart parking is actually offering only one service – a parking space. If the parking lot is actually a large garage inside a building with roof-top PV plant, than a number of new opportunities may emerge. Similar cases may be if there is an open-space parking lot, with sun-shades for cars covered with PV panels or open-space parking with near-by building with roof-top PV plant or some other case of this kind. In these cases at one place there will be actually electricity generation units and large number of small energy storage units. This will give an opportunity to make the Smart Building and Smart Parking energy active — not only to be the consumers of energy, but also to become producer and also to make exchange of it, i.e. to became more energy independent and active. Fig. 6 presents active energy role of the Smart Parking and Smart Building. It can be seen that at the parking space there will be opportunity to charge the EVs´ batteries, i.e. to buy electricity from the grid (grid- to-vehicle energy flow, G2V), or to discharge it, i.e. to sell the energy to the grid (vehicle-to-grid energy flow, V2G), or to exchange it with other EVs, i.e. to buy/sell it to other EVs (vehicle-to-vehicle energy flow, V2V). Similar exchanges can be made with the building energy service, so we may have building-to-vehicle (Bd2V) or vehicle-to-building (V2Bd) energy flow. Furthermore, it offers opportunities for building-to-grid (Bd2G), i.e. for supplying excessive energy from the roof-top PV plant and EVs storage toward the grid, or building-to-building (Bd2Bd) energy transfer and in this way making small micro grids in the neighborhood. The building needs to be connected to public grid, so grid-to-building (G2Bd) energy exchange will remain as it is now, but with significantly reduced flow in this direction.  

6. Conclusion

  Smart City offers new opportunities for more effective energy supply, especially if roof-top PV plants for electricity generation and EVs as energy storage units are included in the energy exchange scheme. The problem may arise from solar variable nature and limited duration of parking usage by EVs. This need to be solved using more complex optimization algorithms and extensive usage of IT technologies.