Эксперт по сдаче вступительных испытаний в ВУЗах
Additional tasks to unit “Artificial intelligence”
Task 1. Explain and translate the words.
| capabilities
traits
reasoning
employ |
enormous
judgement
conscious
guess |
deduction
beyond
embodied
|
Task 2. Read the text and entitle it.
The general problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken down into a number of specific sub-problems. These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers would like an intelligent system to display. The traits described below have received the most attention.
Early AI researchers developed algorithms that imitated the step-by-step reasoning that humans use when they solve puzzles or make logical deductions. By the late 1980s and 1990s, AI research had also developed highly successful methods for dealing with
uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts from
probability and economics.
For difficult problems, most of these algorithms can require enormous computational resources – most experience a «
combinatorial explosion«: the amount of memory or computer time required becomes astronomical when the problem goes beyond a certain size. The search for more efficient problem-solving algorithms is a high priority for AI research.
Human beings solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgments rather than the conscious, step-by-step deduction that early AI research was able to model. AI has made some progress at imitating this kind of «sub-symbolic» problem solving:
embodied agent approaches emphasize the importance of
sensorimotor skills to higher reasoning;
neural net research attempts to simulate the structures inside the brain that give rise to this skill;
statistical approaches to AI mimic the probabilistic nature of the human ability to guess.
Task 3. What examples of AI can you give? (Do not repeat the information of the texts.)
Task 4. Write a question-plan to the text above. Work in pairs. Compare your plans.
Task 5. Retell the text using your plan.
